| 词条 | Executive Order 12333 |
| 释义 |
Executive Order 12333, signed on December 4, 1981 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, was an Executive Order intended to extend powers and responsibilities of U.S. intelligence agencies and direct the leaders of U.S. federal agencies to co-operate fully with CIA requests for information.[1] This executive order was titled United States Intelligence Activities. It was amended by Executive Order 13355: Strengthened Management of the Intelligence Community, on August 27, 2004. On July 30, 2008, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13470[2] amending Executive Order 12333 to strengthen the role of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).[3][4] Part 1"Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Intelligence Effort" lays out roles for various intelligence agencies, including the Departments of Defense, Energy, State, and Treasury. Part 2"Conduct of Intelligence Activities" provides guidelines for actions of intelligence agencies. Collection of InformationPart 2.3 permits collection, retention and dissemination of the following types of information along with several others. {{quote|(c) Information obtained in the course of a lawful foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, international narcotics or international terrorism investigation. . . (i) Incidentally obtained information that may indicate involvement in activities that may violate federal, state, local or foreign laws[1]}} Proscription on assassinationPart 2.11 of this executive order reiterates a proscription on US intelligence agencies sponsoring or carrying out an assassination. It reads:[5] No person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination. Previously, EO 11905 (Gerald Ford) had banned political assassinations and EO 12036 (Jimmy Carter) had further banned indirect U.S. involvement in assassinations.[6] As early as 1998, this proscription against assassination was reinterpreted, and relaxed, for targets who are classified by the United States as connected to terrorism.[7][8] ImpactExecutive Order 12333 has been regarded by the American intelligence community as a fundamental document authorizing the expansion of data collection activities.[9] The document has been employed by the National Security Agency as legal authorization for its collection of unencrypted information flowing through the data centers of internet communications giants Google and Yahoo!.[9] In July 2014 chairman David Medine and two other members of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, a government oversight agency, indicated a desire to review Executive Order 12333 in the near future, according to a report by journalist Spencer Ackerman of The Guardian.[9] In July 2014, former State Department official John Tye published an editorial in The Washington Post, citing his prior access to classified material on intelligence-gathering activities under Executive Order 12333, and arguing that the order represented a significant threat to Americans' privacy and civil liberties.[10] In the movie Get Smart, Agent 23 tells Maxwell Smart,"assassinations are prohibited by Executive Order 1-2-333." See also
Footnotes1. ^1 Ronald Reagan, [https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html "Executive Order 12333—United States Intelligence Activities,"] US Federal Register, Dec. 4, 1981. 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-13470.htm |title=Executive Order 13470 |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=May 6, 2011}} 3. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/washington/AP-Intelligence-Rules.html "Bush Orders Intelligence Overhaul", by Associated Press, July 31, 2008] 4. ^[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080731-2.html Executive Order: Further Amendments to Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities], White House, July 31, 2008 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html |title=Executive Orders |publisher=Archives.gov |date= |accessdate=May 6, 2011}} 6. ^CRS Report for Congress Assassination Ban and E.O. 12333: A Brief Summary January 4, 2002 7. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/iraq/keyplayers/saddam021598.htm |title = Saddam Hussein's Death Is a Goal, Says Ex-CIA Chief |work = The Washington Post |author = Walter Pincus |page = A36 |date = February 15, 1998 |accessdate = December 30, 2008 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Firaq%2Fkeyplayers%2Fsaddam021598.htm&date=2008-12-30 |archivedate = December 30, 2008 |df = }} 8. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A63203-2001Oct27?language=printer |title = CIA Weighs 'Targeted Killing' Missions: Administration Believes Restraints Do Not Bar Singling Out Individual Terrorists |work = The Washington Post |author = Barton Gellman |authorlink = Barton Gellman |page = A01 |date = October 21, 2001 |accessdate = December 30, 2008 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA63203-2001Oct27%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&date=2008-12-30 |archivedate = December 30, 2008 |df = }} 9. ^1 2 Spencer Ackerman, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/nsa-surveillance-government-privacy-board-report?CMP=ema_565 "NSA Reformers Dismayed after Privacy Board Vindicates Surveillance Dragnet: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Endorses Agency's So-called '702' Powers, Plus Backdoor Searches of Americans' Information"], 'The Guardian (London), July 2, 2014. 10. ^{{cite web | last = Farivar | first = Cyrus | title = Meet John Tye: the kinder, gentler, and by-the-book whistleblower |publisher= Ars Technica | date = August 20, 2014 | url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/08/meet-john-tye-the-kinder-gentler-and-by-the-book-whistleblower/ }} Further reading
External links{{wikisource}}
| first =Pamela | last =Hess | authorlink = | coauthors = | date =November 8, 2002 | title = Experts: Yemen strike not assassination | agency =UPI | volume = | issue = | pages = | id = | url =http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20021107-042725-6586r }}
| author =Elizabeth B. Bazan | date =January 4, 2002 | url =https://fas.org/irp/crs/RS21037.pdf | title =Assassination Ban and E.O. 12333:A Brief Summary | format =PDF | work = | publisher =CRS Report for Congress | accessdate =April 26, 2006 }}
| author =Tom O'Connor, Mark Stevens |date=November 2005 | url =http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/430/430lect16.htm | title =The Handling of Illegal Enemy Combatants | work = | publisher = | accessdate =April 26, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060505021931/http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/430/430lect16.htm |archivedate = May 5, 2006}}
|author = Jeffrey Addicott |date = November 7, 2002 |url = http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew68.php |title = The Yemen Attack: Illegal Assassination or Lawful Killing? |format = |work = |publisher = JURIST |accessdate = April 26, 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060418144456/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew68.php |archivedate = April 18, 2006 |df = }}{{US Intelligence Reform Attempts 1947-2005}} 4 : 1981 establishments in the United States|1981 in law|Executive orders of Ronald Reagan|Intelligence gathering law |
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