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词条 Expanded Program on Immunization (Philippines)
释义

  1. Routine Schedule of Immunization

  2. Routine Immunization Schedule for Infants

  3. General Principles in Infants/Children Immunization

  4. Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Schedule for Women

  5. Care for the Vaccines

  6. References

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in the Philippines began in July 1979. And, in 1986, made a response to the Universal Child Immunization goal. The four major strategies include:[1]

  1. sustaining high routine Full Immunized Child (FIC) coverage of at least 90% in all provinces and cities;
  2. sustaining the polio-free country for global certification;
  3. eliminating measles by 2008; and
  4. eliminating neonatal tetanus by 2008.

Routine Schedule of Immunization

Every Wednesday is designated as immunization day and is adopted in all parts of the country. Immunization is done monthly in barangay health stations, quarterly in remote areas of the country.

Routine Immunization Schedule for Infants

The standard routine immunization schedule for infants in the Philippines is adopted to provide maximum immunity against the seven vaccine preventable diseases in the country before the child's first birthday. The fully immunized child must have completed BCG 1, DPT 1, DPT 2, DPT 3, OPV 1, OPV 2, OPV 3, HB 1, HB 2, HB 3 and measles vaccines before the child is 12 months of age.[2]

Vaccine Minimum Age
at 1st Dose		 Number
of Doses		 Dose Minimum Interval Between Doses Route Site Reason
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Birth or anytime after birth
1 dose
0.05 mL
none
Intradermal
 Right deltoid region of the arm BCG given at earliest possible age protects the possibility of TB meningitis and other TB infections in which infants are prone[3]
Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine
6 weeks old
3 doses
0.5 mL
6 weeks(DPT 1), 10 weeks (DPT 2), 14 weeks (DPT 3)
Intramuscular
 Upper outer portion of the thigh, Vastus Lateralis (L-R-L) An early start with DPT reduces the chance of severe pertussis.[4]
Oral Polio Vaccine
6 weeks old
3 doses
2-3 drops
4 weeks
Oral
 Mouth The extent of protection against polio is increased the earlier the OPV is given.
Keeps the Philippines polio-free.[5]
Hepatitis B Vaccine
At birth
3 doses
0.5 mL
4 weeks interval
Intramuscular
 Upper outer portion of the thigh, Vastus Lateralis (R-L-R) An early start of Hepatitis B vaccine reduces the chance of being infected and becoming a carrier.[6]
Prevents liver cirrhosis and liver cancer which are more likely to develop if infected with Hepatitis B early in life.[7][8]
About 9,000 died of complications of Hepatitis B. 10% of Filipinos have Hepatitis B infection[9]
Measles Vaccine
(not MMR)
9 months old
1 dose
0.5 mL
none
Subcutaneous
 Upper outer portion of the arms, Right deltoid At least 85% of measles can be prevented by immunization at this age.[10]

General Principles in Infants/Children Immunization

  • Because measles kills, every infant needs to be vaccinated against measles at the age of 9 months or as soon as possible after 9 months as part of the routine infant vaccination schedule. It is safe to vaccinate a sick child who is suffering from a minor illness (cough, cold, diarrhea, fever or malnutrition) or who has already been vaccinated against measles.[11]
  • If the vaccination schedule is interrupted, it is not necessary to restart. Instead, the schedule should be resumed using minimal intervals between doses to catch up as quickly as possible.[12]
  • Vaccine combinations (few exceptions), antibiotics, low-dose steroids (less than 20 mg per day), minor infections with low fever (below 38.5º Celsius), diarrhea, malnutrition, kidney or liver disease, heart or lung disease, non-progressive encephalopathy, well controlled epilepsy or advanced age, are not contraindications to vaccination. Contrary to what the majority of doctors may think, vaccines against hepatitis B and tetanus can be applied in any period of the pregnancy.[13]
  • There are very few true contraindication and precaution conditions. Only two of these conditions are generally considered to be permanent: severe (anaphylactic) allergic reaction to a vaccine component or following a prior dose of a vaccine, and encephalopathy not due to another identifiable cause occurring within 7 days of pertussis vaccination.[14]
  • Only the diluent supplied by the manufacturer should be used to reconstitute a freeze-dried vaccine. A sterile needle and sterile syringe must be used for each vial for adding the diluent to the powder in a single vial or ampoule of freeze-dried vaccine.[15]
  • The only way to be completely safe from exposure to blood-borne diseases from injections, particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is to use one sterile needle, one sterile syringe for each child.[16]

Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Schedule for Women

When given to women of childbearing age, vaccines that contain tetanus toxoid (TT or Td) not only protect women against tetanus, but also prevent neonatal tetanus in their newborn infants.[17]

Vaccine Minimum
Age/Interval		 Percent
Protected		 Duration of Protection
TT1
 At 20th weeks AOG
0%
  • protection for the mother for the first delivery
TT2
 At least 4 weeks later
80%
  • infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
  • gives 3 years protection for the mother
TT3
 At least 6 months later
95%
  • infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
  • gives 5 years protection for the mother
TT4
 At least 1 year later
99%
  • infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
  • gives 10 years protection for the mother
TT5
 At least 1 year later
99%
  • gives lifetime protection for the mother
  • all infants born to that mother will be protected

In June 2000, the 57 countries that have not yet achieved elimination of neonatal tetanus were ranked and the Philippines was listed together with 22 other countries in Class A, a classification for countries close to maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination.[18]

Care for the Vaccines

To ensure the optimal potency of vaccines,a careful attention is needed in handling practices at the country level. These include storage and transport of vaccines from the primary vaccine store down to the end-user at the health facility, and further down at the outreach sites.[19] Inappropriate storage, handling and transport of vaccines won’t protect patients and may lead to needless vaccine wastage.[20]

A "first expiry and first out" (FEFO) vaccine system is practiced to assure that all vaccines are utilized before its expiry date. Proper arrangement of vaccines and/or labeling of expiry dates are done to identify those close to expiring. Vaccine temperature is monitored twice a day (early in the morning and in the afternoon) in all health facilities and plotted to monitor break in the cold chain. Each level of health facilities has cold chain equipment for use in the storage vaccines which included cold room, freezer, refrigerator, transport box, vaccine carriers, thermometers, cold chain monitors, ice packs, temperature monitoring chart and safety collector boxes.[21]

References

1. ^{{cite book | title = Public Health Nursing in the Philippines | publisher = National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc | year = 2007 | location = Manila, Philippines | page = 141 | isbn = 978-971-91593-2-2}}
2. ^{{cite news|first= |last= |title=Six Out of Ten Children 12 to 23 Months Are Fully Immunized |date=2003-06-02 |publisher=National Statistics Office |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0351tx.html |work=Final Results from the 2002 Maternal and Child Health Survey |accessdate=2007-05-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608124140/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0351tx.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite journal|title=Protective effect of neonatal BCG vaccines against tuberculous meningitis|journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences|date=February 2004|first=S.|last=Puvacic|volume=4|issue=1|pages=46–9|id= |format=|pmid=15628980|last2=Dizdarević|first2=J|last3=Santić|first3=Z|last4=Mulaomerović|first4=M}}
4. ^{{cite journal|title=Immunisation | journal=Dialogue on Diarrhoea Online | year=1987 | issue=30 | pages=1–6 |url=http://rehydrate.org/dd/su30.htm | accessdate=2007-05-11}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title=Public Health Dispatch: Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated with Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus --- Philippines, 2001|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=2001-10-12|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |volume=50|issue=40|pages=874–5|id= |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5040a3.htm |pmid=11666115|author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=2013-10-31}}
6. ^{{cite journal|title=Effects of Universal Vaccination for Hepatitis B|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=2001-11-06|first=Y. H.|last=Ni |author2=M.H. Chang |author3=L.M. Huang |author4=H.L. Chen |author5=H.Y. Hsu |author6=T.Y. Chiu |author7=K.S. Tsai |author8=D.S. Chen|volume=135|issue=9|pages=796–800|id= |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/summary/135/9/796|format=|accessdate=2007-05-12|pmid=11694104|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00005}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=75730 |title=A Look at Each Vaccine: Hepatitis B Vaccine |accessdate=2007-05-11 |work=Vaccine Education Center |publisher=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629183026/http://www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=75730 |archivedate=2007-06-29 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite journal|title=Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=1997-06-26|first=MH|last=Chang |author2=C.J. Chen |author3=M.S. Lai |author4=H.M. Hsu |author5=T.C. Wu |author6=M.S. Kong |author7=D.C. Liang |author8=W.Y. Shau |author9=D.S. Chen|volume=336|issue=26|pages=1855–1859|id= |format=|doi=10.1056/NEJM199706263362602|pmid=9197213}}
9. ^{{cite news|first=Tessa R. |last=Salazar |title=Cancer Preventable Says US Doctor |date=2004-05-24 |publisher= |url=http://liver.stanford.edu/files/040529manilla_times.pdf |format=PDF |work=The Philippine Daily Inquirer |pages= |accessdate=2007-05-11 |language= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221195427/http://liver.stanford.edu/files/040529manilla_times.pdf |archivedate=2007-02-21 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=Worldwide measles prevention|journal=Israel Journal of Medical Sciences|date=May 1994|first=WA|last=Orenstein |author2=L.E. Markowitz |author3=W.L. Atkinson |author4=A.R. Hinman|volume=30|issue=5–6|pages=469–81|id= |format=|pmid=8034506}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ifrc.org/WHAT/health/archi/strategy/measles.htm |title=Measles (Catch Up Campaigns) - Toolkit for Volunteers |accessdate=2007-05-12 |work=Health Initiative 2010 |publisher=African Red Cross & Red Crescent |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415162142/http://www.ifrc.org/WHAT/health/archi/strategy/measles.htm |archivedate=2007-04-15 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
12. ^{{cite news | first=Richard Kent | last=Zimmerman | title=Practice Guidelines - The 2000 Harmonized Immunization Schedule | date=2000-01-01 | publisher= | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_1_61/ai_59426909 | work =American Family Physician | pages = | accessdate = 2007-05-12 | language = }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://saudepublica.web.pt/04-PrevencaoDoenca/Travel/TravelVaccines.htm |title=Management of the Traveler: Vaccination |accessdate=2007-05-12 |year=1997 |work=Travel Medicine |publisher=Portal de Saúde Pública |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518153407/http://www.saudepublica.web.pt/04-PrevencaoDoenca/Travel/TravelVaccines.htm |archivedate=2007-05-18 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pink/genrec.pdf |title=General Recommendations on Immunizations |accessdate=2007-05-12 |date=2007-02-14 |format=PDF |work=Epidemiology & Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases--The Pink Book 10th Edition |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022021647/http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pink/genrec.pdf |archivedate=2006-10-22 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite news|first= |last=Department of Vaccines and Biologicals |title=WHO Recommendations for Diluents |date=December 2000 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DoxNews/updates/updat34e.pdf |format=PDF |work=Vaccines and Biologicals Update |pages=3 |accessdate=2007-05-12 |language= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306031320/http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DoxNews/updates/updat34e.pdf |archivedate=2007-03-06 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite news | first=Edward | last=Hoekstra | title=Immunization: Injection Safety | publisher=UNICEF | url =http://www.unicef.org/immunization/23244_safety.html | work =UNICEF Expert Opinion | pages = | accessdate = 2007-05-12 | language = }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/tetanus/en/index1.html |title=Tetanus - The Disease |accessdate=2007-05-12 |work=Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals |publisher=World Health Organization }}
18. ^{{cite news | first= | last= | title=Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus | date=November 2000 | publisher=UNICEF | url =http://www.unicef.org/immunization/files/MNTE_strategy_paper.pdf |format=PDF| work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-05-12 | language = }}
19. ^{{cite news|first= |last= |title=Temperature Sensitivity of Vaccines |date=August 2006 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/847.pdf |format=PDF |work=Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals |pages= |accessdate=2007-05-12 |language= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219113617/http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/847.pdf |archivedate=2007-02-19 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite news|first= |last= |title=Handle Vaccines with Care |publisher=British Columbia Center for Disease Control |url=http://www.bccdc.org/downloads/pdf/epid/reports/GP%202-HANDLE%20VACCINES%20WITH%20CARE.pdf?PHPSESSID=85793516774767a844e11dc04a118d5f |work= |pages= |accessdate=2007-05-12 |language= |df= }}{{dead link|date=February 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
21. ^{{cite book | title = Expanded Program on Immunization Manual | publisher = Department of Health, Philippines | year = 1995 | location = Manila, Philippines }}
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2 : Vaccination|Health in the Philippines
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