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词条 Explosive cyclogenesis
释义

  1. History

  2. Formation

     Regions and motion 

  3. Other uses of "weather bomb"

  4. Further reading

  5. References

  6. External links

{{About|explosive intensification of extratropical cyclones|explosive intensification of tropical cyclones|Rapid intensification}}Explosive cyclogenesis (also referred to as a weather bomb,[1][2][3] meteorological bomb,[4] explosive development,[1] bomb cyclone[6][5] or bombogenesis[6][7][8]) is the rapid deepening of an extratropical cyclonic low-pressure area. The change in pressure needed to classify something as explosive cyclogenesis is latitude dependent. For example, at 60° latitude, explosive cyclogenesis occurs if the central pressure decreases by 24 mbar (hPa) or more in 24 hours.[9][10]

This is a predominantly maritime, winter event,[9] but also occurs in continental settings,[11][12] even in the summer.[13]{{Failed verification|date=July 2018}} This process is the extratropical equivalent of the tropical rapid deepening.

Although their cyclogenesis is totally different from that of tropical cyclones, bombs can produce winds of 74–95 mph, the same order as the first categories of the Saffir-Simpson scale and give heavy precipitation. Even though only a minority of the bombs become so strong, some have caused significant damage.

History

In the 1940s and 1950s, meteorologists at the Bergen School of Meteorology began informally calling some storms that grew over the sea "bombs" because they developed with a great ferocity rarely seen over land.[14]

By the 1970s, the terms "explosive cyclogenesis" and even "meteorological bombs" were being used by MIT professor Fred Sanders (building on work from the 1950s by Tor Bergeron), who brought the term into common usage in a 1980 article in the Monthly Weather Review.[14][9] In 1980, Sanders and his colleague John Gyakum defined a "bomb" as an extratropical cyclone that deepens by at least (24 sin φ/ sin 60°)mb in 24 hours, where φ represents latitude in degrees. This is based on the definition, standardised by Bergeron, for explosive development of a cyclone at 60°N as deepening by 24mb in 24 hours.[15] Sanders and Gyakum noted that an equivalent intensification is dependent on latitude: at the poles this would be a drop in pressure of 28 mb/24 hours, while at 25 degrees latitude it would be only 12 mb/24 hours. All these rates qualify for what Sanders and Gyakum called "1 bergeron".[9][11]

Formation

Baroclinic instability has been cited as one of the principal mechanisms for the development of most explosively deepening cyclones.[16] However, the relative roles of baroclinic and diabatic processes in explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones have been subject to debate (citing case studies) for a long time.[17] Other factors include the relative position of a 500-hPa trough and thickness patterns, deep tropospheric frontogenetic processes which happen both upstream and downstream of the surface low, the influence of air–sea interaction, and latent heat release.[25]

Regions and motion

The four most active regions where extratropical explosive cyclogenesis occurs in the world are the Northwest Pacific, the North Atlantic, the Southwest Pacific, and the South Atlantic.[18]

In the Northern Hemisphere the maximum frequency of explosively deepening cyclones is found within or to the north of the Atlantic Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Current in the western Pacific,[9] and in the Southern Hemisphere it is found with Australian east coast lows above the East Australian Current, which shows the importance of air-sea interaction in initiating and rapidly developing extratropical cyclones.[19]

Explosively deepening cyclones south of 50°S often show equator-ward movement, in contrast with the poleward motion of most Northern Hemisphere bombs.[20] Over the year, 45 cyclones on average in the Northern Hemisphere and 26 in the Southern Hemisphere develop explosively, mostly in the respective hemisphere's winter time. Less seasonality has been noticed in bomb cyclogenesis occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere.[20]

Other uses of "weather bomb"

The term "weather bomb" is popularly used in New Zealand to describe dramatic or destructive weather events. Rarely are the events actual instances of explosive cyclogenesis, as the rapid deepening of low pressure areas is rare around New Zealand.[21][22] This use of "bomb" may lead to confusion with the more strictly defined meteorological term. In Japan, the term {{nihongo|bomb cyclone|爆弾低気圧|bakudan teikiatsu}} is used both academically and commonly to refer to an extratropical cyclone which meets the meteorological "bomb" conditions.[23][24]

The term "bomb" may be somewhat controversial. When European researchers protested that it was a rather warlike term, Fred Sanders, the coauthor of the paper which introduced the meteorological usage quipped: "So why are you using the term 'front'?".[25]

Further reading

  • Cyclogenesis, extratropical cyclones
  • Extratropical cyclone, formation
  • Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic

References

1. ^1 {{cite news |title=Fierce 'weather bomb' batters Britain |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/8945152/Fierce-weather-bomb-batters-Britain.html |accessdate=21 March 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 December 2011}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=The worst storm in years?|url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/tag/weather-bomb/|accessdate=21 March 2013|newspaper=Met Office Blog |date=28 January 2013}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/health-science/weather/43448/scotland-storm-what-weather-bomb |title=Scotland storm: what is a weather bomb? |first=Tim|last=Edwards |date=9 December 2011|accessdate=4 April 2013|work=The Week |publisher=Dennis Publishing|location=London, United Kingdom}}
4. ^{{cite news|last=O'Hanlon|first=Larry|title=Look out -- 'meteorological bomb' is on the way!|url=http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/25/17088963-look-out-meteorological-bomb-is-on-the-way?lite|accessdate=21 March 2013|newspaper=NBC News |date=25 February 2013}}
5. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.popsci.com/bomb-cyclone| title=What the heck is a bomb cyclone?| newspaper=Popular Science| last=Feltman| first=Rachel| date=3 January 2018| accessdate=6 January 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Ryan explains Bomb Cyclogenesis|url=http://www.wbrz.com/videos/ryan-explains-bomb-cyclogenesis/|publisher=WBRZ News 2 Louisiana|accessdate=21 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130412034719/http://www.wbrz.com/videos/ryan-explains-bomb-cyclogenesis/|archivedate=12 April 2013|df=}}
7. ^{{cite news |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |title=Meteorological bomb explodes over New England|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2010/03/meteorological_bomb_explodes_o.html|accessdate=21 March 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=1 March 2013}}
8. ^{{cite news|last=Rodman|first=Kristen|title=What is Bombogenesis?|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/what-is-bombogenesis/22365706|accessdate=31 January 2014|newspaper=Accuweather|date=23 January 2014}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2 |year=1980 |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=1589–606 |title=Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the 'Bomb' |journal=Monthly Weather Review |last1=Sanders |first1=Frederick |last2=Gyakum |first2=John R |bibcode=1980MWRv..108.1589S }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-bomb-cyclone-weather-system-2014-11|title=Here's What Caused The 'Bomb Cyclone' That's About To Freeze The Northern US|author=Chelsea Harvey|publisher=Business Insider|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=October 8, 2017}}
11. ^1 {{cite news |title=The Bomb|url=http://blog.ametsoc.org/news/the-bomb/|accessdate=21 March 2013|newspaper=blog.ametsoc.org |date=27 October 2010}}{{self-published inline|date=January 2018}}
12. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1568:ECOTEU>2.0.CO;2 |year=1988 |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=1568–86 |title=Explosive Cyclogenesis over the Eastern United States |journal=Monthly Weather Review |last1=MacDonald |first1=Bruce C |last2=Reiter |first2=Elmar R |bibcode=1988MWRv..116.1568M }}
13. ^http://www.businessinsider.com/noreaster-winter-storm-riley-bombogenesis-intensification-2018-3
14. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Williams |first=Jack|title=Bomb cyclones ravage northwestern Atlantic |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/tg/wnoreast/wbombs.htm|accessdate=22 March 2013|newspaper=USA Today |date=20 May 2005}}
15. ^{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Laura |last=Baker |title=Sting Jets in Extratropical Cyclones |publisher=University of Reading |year=2011}}
16. ^{{cite journal|last=WENG|first=H. Y.|author2=BARCILON, A.|title=Favorable environments for explosive cyclogenesis in a modified two-layer Eady model|journal=Tellus A|year=1987|volume=39A|issue=3|pages=202–214|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00301.x|bibcode=1987TellA..39..202W}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last=Fink|first=Andreas H.|author2=Pohle, Susan |author3=Pinto, Joaquim G. |author4= Knippertz, Peter |title=Diagnosing the influence of diabatic processes on the explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|year=2012|volume=39|issue=7|pages=n/a–n/a|doi=10.1029/2012GL051025|url=http://www.geomet.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Arbeitsgruppen/Meteorologie/Fink__Andreas/Publikationen/fppk_grl_artikel2012_master_rev060312_finalafterproofs.pdf|accessdate=2 June 2013|bibcode = 2012GeoRL..39.7803F }}
18. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/grl.50114 |title=A universal, broad-environment energy conversion signature of explosive cyclones |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=452–7 |year=2013 |last1=Black |first1=Mitchell Timothy |last2=Pezza |first2=Alexandre Bernardes |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40..452B }}
19. ^{{cite journal |last=Yoshiike |first=Satoki |author2=Kawamura, Ryuichi |title=Influence of wintertime large-scale circulation on the explosively developing cyclones over the western North Pacific and their downstream effects |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |year=2009 |volume=114 |issue=D13 |doi=10.1029/2009JD011820 |url=http://www.sci.u-toyama.ac.jp/earth/e-kawamura/yoshiike_kawamura_JGR.pdf |accessdate=9 April 2013 |bibcode=2009JGRD..11413110Y |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206013719/http://www.sci.u-toyama.ac.jp/earth/e-kawamura/yoshiike_kawamura_JGR.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2011 |df= }}
20. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Lim |first=Eun-Pa |author2=Simmonds, Ian |title=Explosive Cyclone Development in the Southern Hemisphere and a Comparison with Northern Hemisphere Events |journal=Monthly Weather Review |year=2002 |volume=130 |issue=9 |pages=2188–2209 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2188:ECDITS>2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.cawcr.gov.au/staff/elim/pdf.dir/Lim_Simmonds2002.pdf |accessdate=21 March 2013 |bibcode=2002MWRv..130.2188L |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419061032/http://cawcr.gov.au/staff/elim/pdf.dir/Lim_Simmonds2002.pdf |archivedate=19 April 2013 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite news |last=Kreft |first=Peter |title=The Bomb |url=http://blog.metservice.com/2012/03/the-bomb/ |accessdate=21 March 2013 |newspaper=Metservice NZ blog |date=4 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917054302/http://blog.metservice.com/2012/03/the-bomb |archivedate=17 September 2012 |df= }}
22. ^{{cite news|title=New Zealand's media doesn't understand what a "Weather Bomb" is|url=http://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/new-zealands-media-doesnt-understand-what-a-weather-bomb|accessdate=27 March 2017|publisher=WeatherWatch.co.nz|date=27 March 2017|language=en}}
23. ^{{cite web |script-title=ja:爆弾低気圧とは |url=http://fujin.geo.kyushu-u.ac.jp/meteorol_bomb/about/index.php |website=Bomb Cyclones Information Database |publisher=Kyushu University |accessdate=2 September 2014 |language=Japanese}}
24. ^{{cite news |last=Milner |first=Rebecca|title=Japan’s top 10 buzzwords for 2012|url=http://blog.japantimes.co.jp/japan-pulse/japans-top-10-buzzwords-for-2012/ |accessdate=25 April 2013 |newspaper=Japan Pulse Blog, The Japan Times |date=3 December 2012}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Meet the Canadian who helped coin the term 'weather bomb'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canadian-coined-term-weather-bomb-1.4474431|accessdate=5 January 2018|work=CBC News|date=5 January 2018|language=en}}

External links

  • BBC Weather, What is a weather 'bomb'?
  • Bomb Cyclone Data of the Northwest Pacific Ocean {{ja icon}}
  • Lorenz Energy Cycle - Linking Weather and Climate (MET 6155)
{{Wiktionary|bombogenesis}}{{Extratropical cyclones}}

2 : Extratropical cyclones|Synoptic meteorology and weather
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