| 词条 | Farallon de Medinilla |
| 释义 |
| name = Farallon de Medinilla | image_name = Farallon de Medinilla Aerial.jpg | image_caption = NOAA photo of Farallon de Medinilla | image_size = | map_image = Mariana Islands - Farallon de Medinilla.PNG | map_caption = | native_name_link = | nickname = | location = Pacific Ocean | coordinates = {{Coord|16|1|2|N|146|3|31|E}} | archipelago = Northern Mariana Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 0.845 | length_km = 2.8 | width_km = 0.5 | coastline_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = 81 | country = United States | country_admin_divisions_title = Commonwealth | country_admin_divisions = Northern Mariana Islands | population = - uninhabited - | population_as_of = 2010 | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} Farallon de Medinilla is an uninhabited small island in the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is located {{convert|45|nmi|km|0}} north of Saipan, and is the smallest island in the archipelago (not counting the Zealandia Bank). Politically, it is part of the Northern Islands Municipality. GeographyFarallon de Medinilla is roughly wedge-shaped, with a length of {{convert|2.8|km|mi|sp=us}} and a width of {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} to the south, expanding to {{convert|530|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the north, for an area of {{convert|0.845|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. At its narrowest location, the island is only {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. The highest elevation on the island is {{convert|81|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The shores are rimmed with cliffs containing caves and its tableland has some brush and savanna grass.[1][2][3] Satellite imagery (e.g., Google Earth) of the island shows three X-shaped figures and one Y-shaped figure in its northern half, built out of metal shipping containers. These arrangements of shipping containers were left by the U.S. Navy for bomb targeting practice.[4] HistoryFarallon de Medinilla was first charted by Europeans in late October 1543 by Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre on board of the carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain.[5][6] Uninhabited at the time, later archaeological investigations have found blackened caves and pottery fragments indicating prior habitation by the Chamorros. The island was visited by Louis de Freycinet in 1819; it was named for Don Jose de Medinilla y Pifieda, the (Spanish) Governor of the Marianas from 1812-1822.[7] Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the German Empire in 1899, Farallon de Medinilla was administered as part of German New Guinea. During World War I, the island came under the control of the Empire of Japan and was administered as part of the South Pacific Mandate. Following World War II, the island came under the control of the United States and was administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Since 1978, the island has been part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. For years, the U.S. Navy has used Farallon de Medinilla for military and bombing exercises. In a 2002 lawsuit, the Center for Biological Diversity charged the Navy with the destruction of wildlife habitat on the island. A subsequent court ruling ordered the U.S. Defense Department to cease bombing exercises on Farallon de Medinilla until they came in compliance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.[8] Negative impacts of military activities on local fauna and flora including both terrestrial and oceanic species had been pointed out.[9] These include such as Micronesian megapodes, migratory birds and cetaceans such as boobies, terns, frigatebirds, humpback whales and false killer whales[10]. References
Notes1. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20101223015139/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/mariana/medinilla.php {{Former German colonies}}{{Northern Mariana Islands}}2. ^Farallon de Medinilla: Blocks 1061 and 1992, Block Group 1, Census Tract 9501, Northern Islands Municipality, United States Census Bureau 3. ^Pascal Horst Lehne and Christoph Gäbler: Über die Marianen. Lehne-Verlag, Wohldorf in Germany 1972. 4. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/cvw5.htm|title= Carrier Air Wing FIVE}} 5. ^Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations New York: The American Geographical Society (New York, 1967) p.123. 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Welsch|first1=Bernhard|title=Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|date=2004|volume=39|issue=1|page=118|doi=10.1080/00223340410001684886}} 7. ^http://gaebler.info/sonstiges/marianen.htm#FdM Farallon de Medinilla 8. ^Navy granted use of Farallon de Medinilla.{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Saipan Tribune, 23. May 2002. 9. ^Return to EnviroWatch ON FARALLON DE MEDINILLA 10. ^[https://pifscblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/marianas-cetacean-surveys-2013-updates-on-our-satellite-tagged-false-killer-whales-july-12-27/ Marianas Cetacean Surveys 2013: Updates on Our Satellite Tagged False Killer Whales (July 12 – 27)] 4 : Former German colonies|Islands of the Northern Mariana Islands|Coral islands|Uninhabited islands of the Northern Mariana Islands |
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