请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Fatah–Hamas conflict
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Preceding events

     Involvement of Britain  Israeli disengagement from Gaza  2006 elections and Hamas-government  Political deadlock  Involvement of US, Israel and Arab states 

  3. Timeline

     March 2006 to December 2006: rise of tensions  December 2006 to January 2007  February to April 2007  May 2007  June 2007: split of government   West Bank clashes   October 2007 to January 2008: renewed clashes   2008 Sana'a declaration    2009 political violence    2010 to present: tensions and reconciliation attempts  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Fatah–Hamas conflict
|date=25 January 2006–present
(main phase in 2007)
|partof=Palestinian political violence
|image=
|caption=
|place= Gaza Strip
|casus=Disputes between Fatah and Hamas over distribution of political power in the Palestinian Authority
|status=Reconciliation process:
  • Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
  • New Palestinian Government in the West Bank, appointed by Mahmoud Abbas
  • Reconciliation agreement signed May 2011
  • Doha agreement signed 2012
  • Renewed political crisis in March–April 2012[1]
  • Strong increase of tensions in 2013[2][3][4]
  • Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal in April 2014[2]
  • Unity government sworn in in June 2014[3]
  • Implementation of unity government control in Gaza due date

|combatant1={{flagicon image|Hamas flag2.png}} Hamas
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Fatah Flag.svg}} Fatah
supported by:
{{flag|United States}}[4][5][6] (allegedly)
{{flag|United Kingdom}}[7] (covert)
|commander1={{flagicon image|Hamas flag2.png}} Ismail Haniya
{{flagicon image|Hamas flag2.png}} Khaled Meshaal
{{flagicon image|Hamas flag2.png}} Mohammed Deif
|commander2={{flagicon image|Fatah Flag.svg}} Mahmoud Abbas
{{flagicon image|Fatah Flag.svg}} Mohammed Dahlan
|strength1=Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades: 15,000
Executive Police Force: 6,000[8][9]
|strength2=National Security: 30,000
Preventive Security Service: 30,000
General Intelligence: 5,000
Presidential Guard: 4,200
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade: Several thousand[8][9]
|casualties1=83 killed
|casualties2=165 killed
|casualties3=98 civilians killed
1,000+ wounded on both sides[10]
Total: 350–600 killed[10]
}}

The Fatah–Hamas conflict ({{lang-ar|النزاع بين فتح وحماس}} an-Nizāʿ bayna Fataḥ wa-Ḥamās), also referred to as the Palestinian Civil War ({{lang-ar| الحرب الأهلية الفلسطينية}} al-Ḥarb al-ʾAhliyyah al-Filisṭīnīyyah), was a conflict between the two main Palestinian political parties, Fatah and Hamas, resulting in the split of the Palestinian Authority in 2007. The reconciliation process and unification of Hamas and Fatah administrations has not finalized as of May 2018.

The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens' Rights has found that over 600 Palestinians were killed in the fighting from January 2006 to May 2007.[11] Dozens more were killed or executed in the following years as part of the conflict.

Overview

Hamas was founded in 1987,[12][13] soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[14] It is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization,[15][16] which is regarded, either in whole or in part, as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations, most notably by Israel, the United States and the European Union.[17][18][19]

Tensions between Fatah and Hamas began to rise in 2005 after the death of Yasser Arafat in November 2004. After the legislative election on 25 January 2006, which resulted in a Hamas victory, relations were marked by sporadic factional fighting. This became more intense after the two parties repeatedly failed to reach a deal to share government power, escalating in June 2007 and resulting in Hamas' takeover of Gaza.[20] A major issue was control over the border crossings, especially the Rafah Border Crossing.

Hamas leader Ismail Haniya formed a new PA government on 29 March 2006 comprising mostly Hamas members, after Fatah and other factions refused to join, especially as Hamas refused to accept the Quartet's conditions, such as recognition of Israel and earlier agreements, leading to a substantial part of the international community, especially Israel, the United States and European Union countries, not to deal with the Hamas government and imposed sanctions. Following the abduction by Hamas militants of Gilad Shalit on 25 June 2006 in a cross-border raid via an underground tunnel out of Gaza, Israel detained nearly a quarter of PLC members and ministers on the West Bank during August 2006 and intensified the boycott of Gaza and took other punitive measures.[21][22][23]

Calls for the implementation of the Cairo Declaration, including the formation of a unity government and the cessation of violence between Fatah and Hamas were made in the Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement of 8 February 2007. The Hamas government was replaced on 17 March 2007 by a national unity government headed by Haniya comprising Hamas and Fatah ministers. In June 2007, Hamas fighters took control of the Gaza Strip and removed all Fatah officials.[24] President Abbas, on 14 June, declared a state of emergency, and dismissed Haniyeh's national unity government and appointed an emergency government and suspended articles of the Basic Law, to circumvent the needed PNC approval.[25][32][33][34]

Hamas has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover in June 2007.[26][27] Since then, it has fought several wars with Israel,[28] and the Palestinian Authority has been split into two polities, each seeing itself as the true representative of the Palestinian people – the Fatah-ruled Palestinian National Authority and the Hamas Government in Gaza.

Preceding events

Involvement of Britain

{{Main article|Fatah–Hamas battle in Gaza#External Involvement|l1=Battle of Gaza (2007) (Background)}}

Documents published in the Palestine Papers reveal that the British intelligence MI6 in 2004, helped draw up a security plan for a Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. The plan mentioned as an objective, "encourage and enable the Palestinian Authority (PA) to fully meet its security obligations under Phase 1 of the Roadmap". It proposes a number of ways of "degrading the capabilities of rejectionists", naming Hamas, PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad) and the al-Aqsa Brigades.[29] The plan was described by the Guardian as a "wide-ranging crackdown on Hamas".[30] The supposed plan for a Fatah counter-insurgency against Hamas backfired in June 2006, when Hamas won the 2006 elections.[31]

Israeli disengagement from Gaza

In July 2004, there were clashes between rival Hamas-led sections of the security forces in Gaza and violent protests, which were widely seen as a power struggle ahead of Israel's promised pullout from Gaza.[32]

On 16 February 2005, the Israeli parliament had approved its disengagement from Gaza, which would drastically change the Israeli–Palestinian relations in Gaza. The disengagement plan from 2003 was already adopted by the Israeli Government in June 2004. Israel withdrew from Gaza in September 2005. Control of the Gaza–Egypt border was on the Egyptian side handed over to Egypt. The Fatah-dominated PA had been given control on the Gazan side at the Rafah Border Crossing. The 2005 Philadelphi Accord between Israel and Egypt turned over control of the border to Egypt.[33] From February 2005, a technocrat Fatah-led PA government controlled the Palestinian National Security Forces.[34]

From November 2005 until June 2007, the Rafah Crossing was jointly controlled by Egypt and the Palestinian Authority, with the European Union monitoring the activities from 24 November 2005 on the Gazan side.[35]

2006 elections and Hamas-government

Tensions between Fatah and Hamas intensified after Hamas won the elections of 2006 and the international community increased the pressure on the Palestinian Authority. As a result of the Hamas led government's refusal to commit to nonviolence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements, Israel, the Middle East Quartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union), several Western states, and the Arab states imposed sanctions suspending all foreign aid.

The PA government, who had with President Abbas shared authority over the Security Forces, was no longer in the hands of Fatah. When Abbas and Hamas in the struggle for power failed to reach an agreement, Abbas appointed, on 6 April 2006, the Fatah-affiliated Abu Shbak head of the Security Forces, by-passing the Hamas Interior Minister.[36] In response, Hamas formed its own security force.

On 25 June 2006, militant groups conducted a cross-border raid into Israel. The Israeli response left Hamas with half its parliamentary bloc and its cabinet ministers in the West Bank in Israeli custody.[46]

Political deadlock

The semi-constitutional and semi-presidential Basic Law gave President and Government a shared political power.[37][38] Fatah refused to cooperate with Hamas.[37][39] The powerful Fatah-backed President Abbas was supported by the international community and more or less tolerated by Israel. The Hamas-dominated Palestinian Authority and the parliament on the other hand were boycotted, and international financial aid was rendered via Abbas, bypassing the Palestinian Government.[38] Because Fatah and Hamas did not co-operate, the parliament became dysfunctional and the PA suffered financial distress.

Involvement of US, Israel and Arab states

Several sources speak of considerable involvement by the United States, Israel and Arab states, after Hamas in 2006 announced the formation of its own security service, the Executive Force, which was denounced by Mahmoud Abbas as unconstitutional. The Presidential Guard of Mahmoud Abbas was enlarged and equipped, and its members trained by the US, Egypt and Jordan.[40][41][42][43][44] Also, a PLC council member for Hamas, Anwar Zaboun, believes that ″Mohammed Dahlan had a big plan to remove the roots of Hamas, the resistance, in Gaza and the West Bank″.[45]

According to the IISS, the June 2007 escalation was triggered by Hamas' conviction that the PA's Presidential Guard, loyal to Mahmoud Abbas, was being positioned to take control of Gaza. The US had helped build up the Presidential Guard to 3,500 men since August 2006. The US committed $59 million for training and non-lethal equipment for the Presidential Guard, and persuaded Arab allies to fund the purchase of further weapons. Israel, too, allowed light arms to flow to members of the Presidential Guard. Jordan and Egypt hosted at least two battalions for training.[46]

Timeline

March 2006 to December 2006: rise of tensions

Following the elections, Hamas announced the formation of its own security service, the Executive Force, appointing Jamal abu Samhadana, a prominent militant, at its head. Abbas had denounced the move as unconstitutional, saying that only the Palestinian president could command armed forces.[47]

The period from March to December 2006 was marked by tensions when Palestinian Authority commanders affiliated to Fatah refused to take orders from the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government. Tensions further grew between the two Palestinian factions after they failed to reach a deal to share government power.

December 2006 to January 2007

Facing international sanctions, the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority depended on the import of large amounts of cash to pay its debts.[48] On 14 December 2006, Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, carrying tens of millions in donations, was denied by Israel entry into Gaza via the Rafah Border Crossing.[49] Angry Hamas militants stormed the post, which was manned by European monitors and Abbas' Presidential Guard, responsible for security there. After guards had fired at the Hamas militants, they took over the hall, firing shots into the air. A Hamas official tried to get the militants to disperse. Haniyeh had already cut short his trip due to mounting tensions between Hamas and rival faction Fatah, after three sons of a Fatah security chief were killed days earlier.[48]

The same day, Haniyeh was allowed to return to Gaza without the money, but while crossing the border, gunmen attacked his car, killing one bodyguard. One of Haniyeh's sons was moderately wounded and his political adviser Ahmed Youssef was lightly wounded.[50] At the time, Fatah PLC member and former Fatah security chief Mohammed Dahlan was blamed for this apparent assassination attempt.[51] Peace activist Ellen Rosser also believes that it were Dahlan's men who tried to assassinate Haniyeh.[52] Fighting broke out in the West Bank after Palestinian National Security Forces fired on a Hamas rally in Ramallah. Security units loyal to Mahmoud Abbas and dressed in riot gear, used clubs and rifles to beat back the demonstrators before the shooting broke out. At least 20 people were wounded in the clashes, which came shortly after the attempt to assassinate Ismail Haniya.[49][53]

On 16 December, Abbas called for new parliamentary and presidential elections, but his advisor Saeb Erekat said that "elections cannot be held before the middle of next year for legal and technical reasons". A senior Hamas lawmaker called it "a real coup against the democratically elected government".[53] Hamas challenged the legality of holding an early election, maintaining its right to hold the full term of its elected offices. Hamas characterized it as an attempted Fatah coup by Abbas,[54] using undemocratic means to overthrow the results of a democratically elected government.[46] Fatah leaders called for the dismissal of the Hamas-led government and the establishment of an emergency cabinet. One Fatah operative said that Abbas had been threatening to call early elections for the past five months and that "more threats are not going to work".[50] The announcement of elections provoked high tensions and gun battles between Hamas and Fatah supporters.[50][54][55] Abbas strongly denied allegations that members of Fatah and the Force 17 "Presidential Guard" were behind the assassination attempt on Ismail Haniyeh, and he criticized the kidnapping of IDF soldier Gilad Shalit.[50]

On 17 December, pro-Fatah gunmen attacked Hamas' Foreign Minister Mahmoud Zahar. Pro-Hamas militiamen retaliated with shots at the home of President Abbas, wounding five guards. A member of Fatah's Force 17 was killed, together with a passing woman. At the end of the day, Fatah and Hamas agreed on a ceasefire, though gunfire continued outside Mohammed Dahlan's house.[56]

Intense factional fighting continued throughout December 2006 and January 2007 in the Gaza Strip. After a month of fighting, which left 33 people dead, President Mahmoud Abbas attempted to incorporate the Hamas-led Executive Force into the security apparatus loyal to the president. Hamas rejected Abbas' order, and instead announced plans to double the size of its force. On 6 January 2007, Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered its disbandment.[57] Fighting continued until a cease-fire was implemented on 30 January.[58] The dueling announcements raised the prospect of an intensified armed standoff. Abbas's only means of enforcing the order appeared to be coercive action by police and security units under his command, which were relatively weak in the Gaza Strip, Hamas's stronghold.[57]

February to April 2007

Fierce fighting took place after Hamas killed 6 people on 1 February in an ambush on a Gaza convoy which delivered equipment for Abbas' Palestinian Presidential Guard, according to diplomats, meant to counter smuggling of more powerful weapons into Gaza by Hamas for its fast-growing "Executive Force". According to Hamas, the deliveries to the Presidential Guard were intended to instigate sedition (against Hamas), while withholding money and assistance from the Palestinian people.[59][60]

On 8 February 2007, the Saudi-brokered Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement produced an agreement on a Palestinian national unity government signed by Fatah and Hamas leaders. The agreement included measures to end the internecine violence.[61] The unity government was formed on 17 March. However, it struggled to resolve the two most pressing issues: an economic crisis and a collapse of security in Gaza.[46][62] Violent incidents continued through March and April 2007. More than 90 people were killed in this period.

May 2007

In mid-May 2007, clashes erupted once again in the streets of Gaza. In less than 18 days, more than 50 Palestinians were killed. Leaders of both parties tried to stop the fighting by calling dozens of truces, but none of them held for longer than a few days.

June 2007: split of government

{{Main article|Fatah–Hamas battle in Gaza}}

Throughout 10 and 15 June of fighting Hamas took control of the main north–south road and the coastal road.[63] and removed Fatah officials. The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15.[64] Human Rights Watch accused both sides with violations of international humanitarian law. Including the targeting and killing of civilians, public executions of political opponents and captives, throwing prisoners off high-rise apartment buildings, fighting in hospitals, and shooting from a jeep marked with "TV" insignias.[65] The International Committee of the Red Cross has denounced attacks in and around two hospitals in the northern part of the Gaza strip.[66] The Israeli government closed all check-points on the borders of Gaza in response to the violence.

On 14 June, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announced the dissolution of the current unity government and the declaration of a state of emergency.[67][68] Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniya was dismissed, and Abbas began to rule Gaza and the West Bank by presidential decree. Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri responded by declaring that President Abbas's decision was "in practical terms ... worthless," asserting that Haniya "remains the head of the government even if it was dissolved by the president".[69][70]

Nathan Brown of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace commented that under the 2003 Palestinian Constitution Abbas clearly had the right to declare a state of emergency and dismiss the prime minister but the state of emergency could continue only for 30 days. After that it would need to be approved by the (Hamas-dominated) Legislative Council. Neither Hamas nor Fatah had enough votes to form a new government under the constitution.[71] The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights condemned Hamas' "decision to resolve the conflict militarily" but argued that "steps taken by President Mahmoud Abbas in response to these events violate the Basic Law and undermine the Basic Law in a manner that is no less dangerous."[72]

On 15 June, Abbas appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister and gave him the task of forming a new government.[73] The international community smoothly recognized the government. Within days, the US recognized Abbas' emergency government and ended a 15-month economic and political boycott of the Palestinian Authority in a bid to bolster President Abbas and the new Fatah-led government. The European Union similarly announced plans to resume direct aid to the Palestinians, while Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel said it would release to Abbas Palestinian tax revenues that Israel had withheld since Hamas took control of the Palestinian Parliament.[39][74]

West Bank clashes

The attacks of Hamas gunmen against Fatah security forces in the Gaza Strip resulted in a reaction of Fatah gunmen against Hamas institutions in the West Bank. Although Hamas's numbers were greater in the Gaza Strip, Fatah forces were greater in the West Bank.

The West Bank had its first casualty when the bullet-riddled body of a Hamas militant was found in Nablus, sparking the fear that Fatah would use its advantage in the West Bank for retaliation against its members' deaths in the Gaza Strip[75] On the same day, Hamas also declared that it was in full control of Gaza, a claim denied by Abbas.[76]

On 16 June, a Fatah-linked militant group, the al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigades, stormed the Hamas-controlled parliament based in Ramallah in the West Bank. This act, including the ransack of the ministry of education, was seen as a reaction to similar looting occurring following Hamas' military success in Gaza.[77]

On 20 June, Hamas leader Mahmoud Zahar declared that if Fatah continued to try to uproot Hamas in the West Bank, it could lead to Fatah's downfall there as well. He would not deny when asked that Hamas resistance against Fatah would take the form of attacks and suicide bombings similar to those that Hamas has used against Israel in the past.[78]

October 2007 to January 2008: renewed clashes

On 17 October, clashes erupted in eastern Gaza between Hamas security forces and members of the powerful Heles clan (Fatah-affiliated), leaving up to two dead on both sides. Fatah and Hamas officials gave conflicting accounts of what caused the fighting but the dispute seems to have originated when Hamas officials demanded that the clan return a governmental car. Another gun battle on October 20 killed one member of the clan and a 13-year-old boy.[79] During the same day, in Rafah, one woman was killed and eight people were injured when Hamas security members traded fire with Islamic Jihad activists. Two days later, 7 more Palestinians were killed in the internal fighting, including some Hamas militants and a Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant.[80]

On 12 November, a large demonstration dedicated to the memory of late Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat was organized by Fatah in Gaza City. With over 200,000 participants, this was the largest Fatah demonstration in the Gaza Strip since the Hamas takeover. The demonstration was forcibly dispersed by Hamas gunmen, who fired into the crowd. At least six civilians were killed and over 80 people were injured, some from being trampled in the resulting stampede.[81] The smaller militant group Islamic Jihad, whose members have clashed with Hamas several times, condemned the shootings.

On 1 January 2008, at least eight people died in factional fighting in the Gaza Strip.[82]

2008 Sana'a declaration

{{Main article|Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process}}

On 23 March 2008, Hamas and Fatah signed an agreement in Sana'a, Yemen that amounted to a reconciliation deal. It called for a return of the Gaza Strip to the pre-June 2007 situation, though this has not happened.[83] On 8 November 2008, Palestinian reconciliation talks due to be held in Cairo were called off after Hamas announced a boycott in protest at the detention of hundreds of its members by president Mahmoud Abbas's security forces.[84]

2009 political violence

The 2009 Hamas political violence took place in the Gaza Strip during and after the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. A series of violent acts, ranging from physical assaults, torture, and executions of Palestinians, suspected of collaboration with the Israel Defense Forces, as well as members of the Fatah political party, occurred. According to Human Rights Watch, at least 32 people were killed by these attacks: 18 during the conflict and 14 afterward, and several dozen more were maimed, many by shots to the legs.[85][86]

On 31 May 2009, six people were killed as Palestinian Authority and Hamas forces clashed in Qalqilya. Ethan Bronner described the fighting as an indication "that the Palestinian unity needed for creation of a state is far off."[87]

2010 to present: tensions and reconciliation attempts

{{Main article|Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process}}

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the deposal of Egyptian president Morsi in July 2013, tensions between Fatah and Hamas reached a new high.[88][89][90] According to Barakat al-Farra, the PLO ambassador in Cairo, the Egyptian US-backed el-Sisi regime, which annually receives some $1.5 billion military aid from the US,[91] will keep the Rafah border crossing closed, until forces loyal to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas have regained control. A Hamas official accused the PA leadership of playing a major role in enforcing the blockade of the Gaza Strip.[92]

In the midst of negotiations to resolve the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, the Shin Bet revealed an alleged plot by Hamas to depose Fatah in the West Bank. This would be achieved by deploying Hamas cells around the West Bank to incite a third intifada and overwhelm Palestinian Authority forces. More than 90 people were arrested. President Abbas said the plot was "a grave threat to the unity of the Palestinian people and its future."[93]

See also

  • Black September in Jordan
  • Hamastan

References

1. ^{{cite web |author= |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/01/204611.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401161046/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/01/204611.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1 April 2012 |title=In Gaza, power cuts and rumors hamper reconciliation |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=1 April 2012 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27128902|title=Hamas and Fatah unveil Palestinian reconciliation deal|work=BBC News|accessdate=July 17, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718125328/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27128902|archivedate=July 18, 2015|df=mdy-all}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Palestinian unity government sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218|publisher=BBC|date=2 June 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603033348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218|archivedate=June 3, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804|title=The Gaza Bombshell|first=David|last=Rose|date=|website=vanityfair.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115827/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804|archivedate=April 28, 2018|df=mdy-all}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.medienanalyse-international.de/gaza_Walles0804.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-08-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223343/http://www.medienanalyse-international.de/gaza_Walles0804.pdf |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/04/mideast-this-bombshell-took-a-year-falling/|title=MIDEAST: This 'Bombshell' Took a Year Falling - Inter Press Service|author=|date=|website=www.ipsnews.net}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/palestinepapers/2011/01/2011125142614893217.html|title=Blair's counter-insurgency "surge"|first=Alastair|last=Crooke|date=|website=www.aljazeera.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405154012/https://www.aljazeera.com/palestinepapers/2011/01/2011125142614893217.html|archivedate=April 5, 2018|df=mdy-all}}
8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3360655,00.html |title=Religious war in Gaza |work=Ynet |date=3 February 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224133951/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3360655,00.html |archivedate=December 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
9. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://www.latimes.com/wireless/avantgo/la-fg-palestinians17may17,0,6814988.story |archive-url = https://archive.is/20100201171259/http://www.latimes.com/wireless/avantgo/la-fg-palestinians17may17,0,6814988.story |dead-url = yes |archive-date = February 1, 2010 |title = Factional fighting in Gaza imperils unity government |author = Henry Chu |work = Los Angeles Times |date = May 17, 2007}} Article reprinted at   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071906/http://www.unitedjerusalem.org/index2.asp?id=917806&Date=5%2F18%2F2007 |date=September 28, 2011 }}
10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=24 April 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110704022836/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |archivedate=July 4, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html|title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006|publisher=Reuters via Ynet|date=June 6, 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110704022836/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html|archivedate=July 4, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^Fatah agrees to celebrate Hamas anniversary in Gaza. JTA, 7 December 2012.
13. ^Amal Jamal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yer1cquhmi8C&pg=PA197 The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967–2005]. Indiana University Press. 2005. p. 197. n.21. Dates differ, between December 1987 – January 1988, and August 1988.
14. ^{{CRS| article = Hamas: The Organizations, Goals and Tactics of a Militant Palestinian Organization | url = https://fas.org/irp/crs/931014-hamas.htm }}
15. ^Anthony H. Cordesman.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC&pg=PA243 Peace and War: The Arab–Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century]. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002. p. 243: "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine."
16. ^Meir Litvak. "Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty," in Asher Susser (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBTqq68ZvQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State]. Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Tel Aviv University. 2008. p. 153: 'One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time,'
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/eu-keeps-hamas-terror-list-despite-court-ruling-313341 | title=EU keeps Hamas on terror list, despite court ruling | publisher=Euractiv | date=27 March 2015 | accessdate=15 June 2015}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf |title=Country reports on Terrorism|website=state.gov|date=April 2006}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/21/9-questions-about-israel-gaza-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/|title=9 questions about Israel-Gaza you were too embarrassed to ask|first=Max|last=Fisher|date=November 21, 2012|publisher=|access-date=January 6, 2018|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}
20. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/gaza-e-r/fatah-vs-hamas/1227/ Fatah vs. Hamas]. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 14 August 2007
21. ^Palestinian Legislative Council Members {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412201616/http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=339 |date=2013-04-12 }}. Addameer, 2013
22. ^Palestinian MK demands release of PLC members; reinstatement of Jerusalem ID. Ma'an News Agency, 12 September 2008
23. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/21/israel 25% of Palestinian MPs detained by Israel]. Conal Urquhart, Guardian, 21 August 2006
24. ^{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=15 June 2007 | location=London | first1=Ian | last1=Black | first2=Mark | last2=Tran}}
25. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012102508/http://jmcc.org/goodgovern/07/eng/presidentdecrees07.htm Presidential Decrees Issued on June - July 2007]. JMCC, archived on 12 October 2007
26. ^Richard Davis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmaFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land] Routledge. 2016. pp. 67–69.
27. ^Tariq Mukhimer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rEP5h76vX88C&pg=PR7 Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. pp. vii, 57.
28. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/gaza-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-halt-fighting | title=Gaza ceasefire: Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting | publisher=TheGuardian | accessdate=10 November 2014}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12283082|title=Palestinian papers: UK's MI6 'tried to weaken Hamas'|publisher=BBC|date=25 January 2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408183359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12283082|archivedate=April 8, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
30. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/palestine-papers-mi6-hamas-crackdown "Palestine papers reveal MI6 drew up plan for crackdown on Hamas"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312071452/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/palestine-papers-mi6-hamas-crackdown |date=March 12, 2017 }}. Ian Black and Seumas Milne, Guardian, 25 January 2011
31. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/mi6-palestinian-papers-rejectionists-plan Palestine papers: MI6 plan proposed internment – and hotline to Israelis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226015556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/mi6-palestinian-papers-rejectionists-plan |date=February 26, 2017 }}. Ian Black and Seumas Milne, Guardian, 25 January 2011
- "the [Palestine papers] documents reflected a 2003 decision by Tony Blair to tie UK and EU security policy in the West Bank and Gaza to a US-led "counter-insurgency surge" against Hamas – which backfired when the Islamists won the 2006 elections".
32. ^Arafat denies he is facing crisis {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208214335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3922537.stm |date=December 8, 2015 }}. BBC, 24 July 2004
33. ^A New Reality on the Egypt-Gaza Border (Part I): Contents of the New Israel-Egypt Agreement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118083020/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/a-new-reality-on-the-egypt-gaza-border-part-i-contents-of-the-new-israel-eg |date=November 18, 2015 }}. Brooke Neuman, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 19 September 2005
34. ^Current Palestinian Government Structure (Factsheet) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118125506/http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=9055&CategoryId=4 |date=November 18, 2015 }}. MIFTAH, 3 December 2005
35. ^FAQs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118120217/http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2311 |date=November 18, 2015 }}. EU BAM Rafah. Accessed September 2015
36. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/world/middleeast/07hamas.html Alone and Broke, Hamas Struggles to Rule] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726033118/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/world/middleeast/07hamas.html |date=July 26, 2016 }}. New York Times, 7 April 2006
37. ^1 The Impact of Semi-Presidentialism on Governance in the Palestinian Authority (pdf) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023063606/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2009/09/16/pa.gsp028.full.pdf+html |date=October 23, 2015 }}, pp. 6, 9, 10-11, 16-17. Francesco Cavatorta and Robert Elgie. Parliam Affairs (2009). (Also in HTML version) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023063552/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2009/09/16/pa.gsp028.full |date=October 23, 2015 }}
p. 6: "the PA has a president-parliamentary form of semi-presidentialism"; p. 9: "The Basic Law of the Palestinian Authority is the equivalent of an interim constitution"; p. 11: ", the semi-presidential structures of the 2003 amended Basic Law highlighted and accelerated divisions between Hamas and Fatah ... Hamas offered Fatah a grand coalition, but Fatah refused"; p. 17: "The semi-presidential structure of the 2003 amended Basic Law was the source of this destabilising period of competition within the executive ... The creation of two competing centres of power with equal popular legitimacy raised the political stakes within the system as both actors tried to undermine the position of other."
38. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/downloads/tonje-merete-viken-masteroppgave.pdf |title= Struggles for Power and Unity - Constitutional Designs in the Palestinian Authority |pages=4, 78–80 |author= Tonje Merete Viken |date= Spring 2008 |publisher= University of Oslo |website= palestinianbasiclaw.org |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113156/http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/downloads/tonje-merete-viken-masteroppgave.pdf |archivedate= March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}
39. ^1 [https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/20/us-palestinians-timeline-idUSL1752364420070620 TIMELINE: Key events since 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930111252/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/20/us-palestinians-timeline-idUSL1752364420070620 |date=September 30, 2015 }}. Reuters, 20 June 2007
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL|title=Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza|work=SFGate|accessdate=July 17, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110716081531/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL|archivedate=July 16, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
41. ^"U.S. training Fatah in anti-terror tactics" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220180649/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F14%2FMNGIPMV3N61.DTL |date=February 20, 2009 }}, San Francisco Chronicle, 14 December 2006
42. ^"Israel, US, and Egypt back Fatah's fight against Hamas" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026230713/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0525/p07s02-wome.html |date=October 26, 2010 }}, Christian Science Monitor, 25 May 2007
43. ^"Israeli defense official: Fatah arms transfer bolsters forces of peace" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220123059/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/806603.html |date=February 20, 2008 }}, Haaretz, 28 December 2006
44. ^{{cite news|title=The Gaza Bombshell|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804|accessdate=1 February 2014|newspaper=Vanity Fair|date=April 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118083319/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804|archivedate=January 18, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
45. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22902880 Palestinian split: Views from Hamas and Fatah, six years on] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228131742/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22902880 |date=December 28, 2013 }} (see section Anwar Zaboun). BBC, 17 June 2013
- ″In terms of the reconciliation, I know there is a veto from the United States of America and the European Union. There is pressure.″
46. ^1 2 3 "Hamas coup in Gaza" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015202544/http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-13---2007/volume-13-issue-5/hamas-coup-in-gaza/ |date=October 15, 2008 }}. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Volume 13, Issue 5; June 2007
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/U-S-training-Fatah-in-anti-terror-tactics-2465370.php|title=U.S. training Fatah in anti-terror tactics / Underlying motive is to counter strength of Hamas, analysts say|publisher=sfgate|date=December 14, 2006|first=Matthew|last=Kalman|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203105550/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/U-S-training-Fatah-in-anti-terror-tactics-2465370.php|archivedate=December 3, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
48. ^1 Palestinian PM denied Gaza entry {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6180823.stm |date=October 7, 2015 }}, BBC, 14 December 2006
49. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202950/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/793DD747-A1B7-4BE3-B120-0CF171612495.htm Hamas accuses Fatah over attack]. Al Jazeera, 15 December 2006
50. ^1 2 3 Abbas decides to call early elections {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006220103/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Abbas-decides-to-call-early-elections |date=October 6, 2015 }}. Jerusalem Post, 16 December 2006
51. ^Egypt seeks to ease Gaza tensions {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6184951.stm |date=October 7, 2015 }}, BBC, 15 December 2006
52. ^{{cite news|last=Amayreh|first=Khalid|title=Did Hamas carry out a coup in Gaza in 2007?|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/609-did-hamas-carry-out-a-coup-in-gaza-in-2007|accessdate=1 February 2014|newspaper=Middle East Monitor|date=28 January 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203040926/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/609-did-hamas-carry-out-a-coup-in-gaza-in-2007|archivedate=February 3, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
53. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209152054/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200612/s1813209.htm Abbas calls for early Palestinian poll]. Reuters, 16 December 2006
54. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111082623/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200612/s1813233.htm Hamas accuses Abbas of launching coup]. David Hardaker, 17 December 2006
55. ^Palestinian tensions run high after poll call {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060023/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/palestinian-tensions-run-high-after-poll-call/2006/12/17/1166290398861.html |date=October 12, 2017 }}. Reuters, 17 December 2006
56. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/fatah-and-hamas-agree-ceasefire-5938674.html Fatah and Hamas agree ceasefire]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Eric Silver, Independent, 18 December 2006. On Google's cache
57. ^1 Abbas outlaws Hamas's paramilitary Executive Force {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117133554/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/01/07/abbas_outlaws_hamass_paramilitary_executive_force/ |date=January 17, 2007 }}. Richard Boudreaux, The Boston Globe/Los Angeles Times, 7 January 2007
58. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070636/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html |date=October 20, 2017 }}. Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press, 31 January 2007
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |title=Six killed in Hamas ambush on Gaza convoy |accessdate=2007-02-06 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206223752/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |archivedate=February 6, 2007 |df= }}. Nidal al-Mughrabi, Reuters, 1 February 2007. On web.archive.org
60. ^Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce. Associated Press, 2 February 2007 (on usatoday.com)
61. ^The Palestinian National Unity Government {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062056/http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm |date=August 14, 2011 }}. Shlomo Brom, Canada Free Press, 24 February 2007
62. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/israel1 "Palestinian interior minister submits resignation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724103451/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/israel1 |date=July 24, 2016 }}, Guardian, 23 April 2007
63. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6748621.stm |title=How Hamas took over the Gaza Strip |publisher=BBC News |date=June 15, 2007 |accessdate=January 4, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927141951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6748621.stm |archivedate=September 27, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
64. ^Gaza-Westbank – ICRC Bulletin No. 22 / 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116065806/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/220224/025f24b73a37ef712ad576eb84b22e84.htm |date=November 16, 2007 }}, AlertNet. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
65. ^[https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/06/13/isrlpa16156.htm Gaza: Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615172644/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/06/13/isrlpa16156.htm |date=June 15, 2007 }}, Human Rights Watch, June 13, 2007.
66. ^Hospitals offer no safety in Gaza strip {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617023209/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2007/s1950580.htm |date=June 17, 2007 }}, ABC News, June 13, 2007.
67. ^1 {{cite news |title=Abbas Dissolves Palestinian Authority Government in Wake of Hamas-Fatah War |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,282195,00.html |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |publisher=Fox News |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616164426/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C282195%2C00.html |archivedate=June 16, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
68. ^1 {{cite news |first=Charles |last=Levinson |author2=Matthew Moore |title=Abbas declares state of emergency in Gaza |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/14/wgaza614.xml |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=June 14, 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618102009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F14%2Fwgaza614.xml |archivedate=June 18, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
69. ^1 {{cite news |title=Abbas sacks Hamas-led government |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |work=BBC News |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714200614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |archivedate=July 14, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
70. ^{{cite news |first1=Ian |last1=Black |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |date=June 15, 2007 |accessdate=June 3, 2010 |last2=Tran |first2=Mark |newspaper=Guardian |location=London |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |archivedate=August 31, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
71. ^What Can Abu Mazin Do? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008182518/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/AbuMazinUpdateJune1507.pdf |date=October 8, 2012 }}, pp. 8-9, section States of Emergency under the Palestinian Basic Law. Nathan J. Brown, The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 15 June 2007. Here Available {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004111015/http://carnegieendowment.org/2007/06/15/what-can-abu-mazin-do/rgi |date=October 4, 2015 }}.
"First, the PLC can overturn any action taken (presumably by a simple majority, though it should be noted that Hamas may have difficulties mustering votes with so many deputies in jail). Second, any extension of the state of emergency beyond thirty days requires PLC approval—and this time it is Abu Mazin who would have trouble mustering the votes, since he would need 2/3 of all PLC members."
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pchrgaza.ps/files/PressR/English/2007/41-2007.htm |title=No Alternative to Political Dialogue: PCHR's Position towards the Current Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian National Authority |accessdate=June 19, 2007 |date=June 18, 2007 |publisher=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627061301/http://www.pchrgaza.ps/files/PressR/English/2007/41-2007.htm |archivedate=June 27, 2007 |quote= |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=23042 |title=President Abbas prepares to swear in unelected interim government |publisher=Maannews.net |accessdate=April 24, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040358/http://maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=23042 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
74. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621083640/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/19/sports/pals.php U.S. ends embargo on Palestinian Authority in move to bolster Fatah]. Helene Cooper, International Herald Tribune, 19 June 2007
75. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916072807/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813032455&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=September 16, 2011 }}, jpost.com
76. ^{{cite news |title=Hamas 'in full control of Gaza' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6755299.stm |date=June 15, 2007 |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |publisher=BBC News |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219122705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6755299.stm |archivedate=December 19, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}
77. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200706161550.htm |title=Fatah gunmen storm Hamas-controlled ministry, parliament building |work=The Hindu |date=June 16, 2007 |accessdate=April 24, 2011 |location=Chennai, India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055048/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200706161550.htm |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |df=mdy }}
78. ^{{Cite book |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Erlanger |date=June 21, 2007 |title=A Leader of Hamas Warns of West Bank Peril for Fatah |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/21/world/middleeast/21mideast.html |quote=Mr. Zahar, the former Palestinian foreign minister, said Hamas would not sit idle if its political rival, Fatah, ... continued to attack Hamas institutions and politicians. |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425004712/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/21/world/middleeast/21mideast.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
79. ^{{cite web|date=October 18, 2007 |title=Gaza: 4 dead as Hamas, Fatah clan clash |work=Jerusalem Post |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380585473&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708024217/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380585473&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 8, 2012 }}
80. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L21678672.htm |title=One Palestinian killed in internal Gaza fighting |date=October 21, 2007 |agency=Reuters |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075841/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L21678672.htm |archivedate=December 5, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}
81. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL12626820._CH_.2400 |title=Gunfire kills seven at Fatah rally in Gaza |date=November 12, 2007 |agency=Reuters |first=Nidal |last=al-Mughrabi |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170703210543/https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL12626820._CH_.2400 |archivedate=July 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}
82. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7166946.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Eight dead in Gaza faction clash |date=January 1, 2008 |accessdate=May 2, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930135405/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7166946.stm |archivedate=September 30, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
83. ^{{cite news|last=Sudam |first=Mohamed |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL23831120080323 |title=Fatah and Hamas sign reconciliation deal |publisher=Uk.reuters.com |date= March 23, 2008|accessdate=April 24, 2011}}
84. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/11/08/59723.html |title=Palestinian unity talks stall after Hamas boycott |publisher=alarabiya.net |date=November 8, 2008 |accessdate=December 3, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016041514/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/11/08/59723.html |archivedate=October 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
85. ^Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://archive.is/20130706010638/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1239710740363&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hamas killed 32 Gazans during, after op], Jerusalem Post 20-04-2009
86. ^[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/04/20/gaza-hamas-should-end-killings-torture Gaza: Hamas Should End Killings, Torture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427163946/http://www.hrw.org//en//news//2009//04//20//gaza-hamas-should-end-killings-torture |date=April 27, 2009 }}, HRW 20-04-2009
87. ^"6 Die as Palestinian Authority Forces Clash with Hamas." New York Times, June 1, 2009, Ethan Bronner [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/world/middleeast/01mideast.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=palestinian%20suthority%20hamas&st=cse]
88. ^1 "Egypt crisis brings Fatah, Hamas tensions to new high". Jerusalem Post, 14 July 2013
89. ^1 "Anti-Hamas Tamarod group denies involvement with Israel, US" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915122445/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Anti-Hamas-Tamarod-group-denies-involvement-with-Israel-US-325059 |date=September 15, 2013 }}. Jerusalem Post, 2 September 2013
90. ^1 "What reconciliation? Hamas, Fatah trade blows" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916121739/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/2013912125955654585.html |date=September 16, 2013 }}. Al Jazeera, 14 September 2013
91. ^"US reviews Egypt aid as Arab nations pour $12 billion into post-Morsi regime" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713001252/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/11/19411926-us-reviews-egypt-aid-as-arab-nations-pour-12-billion-into-post-morsi-regime?lite |date=July 13, 2013 }}. NBC News, 11 July 2013
92. ^"Egypt: Presence of Abbas forces key to opening Rafah border crossing" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922001402/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Egypt-Presence-of-Abbas-forces-key-to-opening-Rafah-border-crossing-326697 |date=September 22, 2013 }}. Khaled Abu Toameh, Jerusalem Post, 21 September 2013
93. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-foiled-hamas-plan-for-coup-against-pa-in-west-bank/|title=Israel says it foiled Hamas plan for massive attacks on Israel, coup against PA|last=Ginsburg|first=Mitch|date=18 August 2014|work=The Times of Israel|accessdate=21 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821010401/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-foiled-hamas-plan-for-coup-against-pa-in-west-bank/|archivedate=August 21, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

External links

  • [https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/20/us-palestinians-timeline-idUSL1752364420070620 TIMELINE: Key events since 2006]. Reuters, 20 June 2007
  • [https://www.amazon.com/Hamas-vs-Fatah-Struggle-Palestine/dp/0230609058 Hamas vs. Fatah: The Struggle for Palestine], by Jonathan Schanzer (2008)
  • "Analysis on the Legality of New PA Elections"
  • "Palestinian factions 'agree deal'"
  • "Abbas insists will hold elections"
  • "Review by the Reut Institute: Hamas Consolidates; Fatah Disoriented"
  • Shock, awe and dread Details on methods Hamas used to suppress opposition, by Avi Issacharoff, Haaretz 06.28.07
  • Frustration over Ramallah violence
  • Palestinian rivals: Fatah & Hamas
  • No agreement in Palestinian talks
  • "PA unity deal a disaster" Secular Palestinians surrender to religious fanaticism in Mecca deal, by Ray Hanania, Ynetnews 02.15.07
  • Gaza on the Verge of Civil War Andrew Lee Butters, Time May 14, 2007
  • [https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,2079319,00.html Q&A: Gaza's civil war] Mark Tran, The Guardian May 14, 2007
  • 'It's dangerous inside and out.' By Ibrahim Barzak, reporter's account of a nerve-racking day in Gaza City during factional fighting, Associated Press May 17, 2007
  • Gunning in Gaza The Economist print edition, May 17, 2007
  • Sacrificing the Palestinian struggle Article by Israeli journalist Amira Hass June 14, 2007
  • A selection of links and news concerning the Palestinian Basic Law
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}{{Palestine topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatah-Hamas Conflict}}

2 : Fatah–Hamas conflict|Civil wars post-1945
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 4:24:32