“Father figure”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A father figure is usually an older man, normally one with power, authority, or strength, with whom one can identify on a deeply psychological level and who generates emotions generally felt towards one's father. Despite the literal term "father figure", the role of a father figure is not limited to the biological parent of a person (especially a child), but may be played by uncles, grandfathers, elder brothers, family friends, or others.^[1] The similar term mother figure refers to an older woman.

Several studies have suggested that positive father figures and mother figures (whether biological or not) are generally associated with healthy child development,^[2] both in boys and in girls.^[3]

Definition

The International Dictionary of Psychology defines "father figure" as "A man to whom a person looks up and whom he treats like a father."^[4] The APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology offers a more extensive definition: "a substitute for a person's biological father, who performs typical paternal functions and serves as an object of identification and attachment. [Father figures] may include such individuals as adoptive fathers, stepfathers, older brothers, teachers and others." This dictionary goes on to state that the term is synonymous with father surrogate and surrogate father.^[5] The former definition suggests that the term applies to any man, while the latter excludes biological fathers.

Significance in child development

As a primary caregiver, a father or father-figure fills a key role in a child's life. Attachment theory offers some insight into how children relate to their fathers, and when they seek out a separate "father figure." According to a 2010 study by Posada and Kaloustian, the way that an infant models their attachment to their caregiver has a direct impact on how the infant responds to other people.^[6] These attachment-driven responses may persist throughout life.

Studies by Parke and Clark-Stewart (2011) and Lamb (2010) have shown that fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in rough-and-tumble play with children.^[7]

Other functions a father figure can provide include: helping establish personal boundaries between mother and child;^[8] promoting self-discipline, teamwork and a sense of gender identity;^[9] offering a window into the wider world;^[10] and providing opportunities for both idealisation and its realistic working-through.^[11]

Lack

Studies have shown that a lack of a father figure in a child's life can have severe negative psychological impacts upon a child's personality and psychology,^[12] whereas positive father figures have a significant role in a child's development.

Cultural aspects

See also

References

1. ^M. E. Lamb ed., The Role of the Father in Child Development (2010) p. 388
2. ^[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080212095450.htm Science news]
3. ^Daughters need fathers, too
4. ^Sutherland, Stuart. The International Dictionary of Psychology. 2nd. ed. New York: Macmillan Press, 1996. 166. Print.
5. ^American Psychological Association. APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2009. 189. Print.
6. ^Santrock, John W. Children. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 218. Print.
7. ^Santrock, John W. Children. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 225. Print.
8. ^Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Families and how to survive them (1994) p. 196-9
9. ^Skynner, p. 21-2, p. 199-201 and p. 244-6
10. ^D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (1973) p. 115-6
11. ^Winnicott, p. 116-7
12. ^L. L. Dunlap, What All Children Need (2004) p. 79
13. ^D. N. Tutoo, Educational Psychology (1998) p. 476
14. ^Antonia Fraser, Perilous Question (London 2013) p. 130 and p. 175-6
15. ^Lana A. Whited, The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter (2004) p. 110-2
16. ^Quoted in V. Glendinning, Leonard Woolf (2006) p. 289
17. ^Jann Wenner, Lennon Remembers (Penguin 1975) p. 185