| 词条 | Feast of the Seven Fishes |
| 释义 |
The Feast of the Seven Fishes ({{lang-it|Festa dei sette pesci}}), also known as The Eve ({{lang|it|La Vigilia}}, cognate to The Vigil), is an Italian-American celebration of Christmas Eve with dishes of fish and other seafood.[1][2] Origins and traditionThe Feast of the Seven Fishes is part of the Italian-American Christmas Eve celebration, although it is not called that in Italy and is not a "feast" in the sense of "holiday," but rather a grand meal.[1][3] Christmas Eve is a vigil or fasting day, and the abundance of seafood reflects the observance of abstinence from meat until the feast of Christmas Day itself. Today, the meal typically consists of seven different seafood dishes. The tradition comes from Southern Italy, where it is known simply as The Vigil (La Vigilia). This celebration commemorates the wait, the Vigilia di Natale, for the midnight birth of the baby Jesus. The long tradition of eating seafood on Christmas Eve dates from the Roman Catholic tradition of abstaining from eating meat on the eve of a feast day.[1] As no meat or animal fat could be used on such days, observant Catholics would instead eat fish (typically fried in oil). While the first reference to the feast was seen in 1980s in The New York Times and the Philadelphia Inquirer, it is unclear when the term "Feast of the Seven Fishes" was popularized. The meal may include seven, eight, or even nine specific fishes that are considered traditional. However, some Italian-American families have been known to celebrate with nine, eleven or thirteen different seafood dishes. "Seven" fishes as a fixed concept or name is unknown in Italy itself. In some of the oldest Italian American families, there was no count of the number of fish dishes. Dinner began with whiting in lemon, followed by some version of clams or mussels in spaghetti, baccalà and onward to any number of other fish dishes. The most famous dish for Southern Italians is baccalà (salted cod fish). The custom of celebrating with a simple fish such as baccalà reflects customs in what were historically impoverished regions of Southern Italy, as well as seasonal factors. Fried smelts, calamari and other types of seafood have been incorporated into the Christmas Eve dinner over the years. SymbolismThere are many hypotheses for what the number seven represents. Seven is the most repeated number in the Bible and appears over 700 times.{{fact|date=January 2019}} One popular theory is the number represents completion, as shown in Genesis 2:2: "By the seventh day God completed the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work." During the feast of the seven fishes, participants celebrate the completion of God's promise of the Messiah through Jesus.{{fact|date=January 2019}} Other theories include: that the number represents the seven Sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church; or it represents the Seven hills of Rome that surround the city.[1][2] It may represent perfection (the traditional Biblical number for divinity is three, and for Earth is four, and the combination of these numbers, seven, represents God on Earth, or Jesus Christ).{{fact|date=January 2019}} Typical feastThe meal's components may include some combination of anchovies, whiting, lobster, sardines, baccalà (dried salt cod), smelts, eels, squid, octopus, shrimp, mussels and clams.[2] The menu may also include pasta, vegetables, baked goods and wine. Popular dishes{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
In popular culture
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |author=Melissa Clark |coauthors= |title=Surf’s Up on Christmas Eve. Feasting on Fish to the Seventh Degree |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/dining/surfs-up-on-christmas-eve.html |quote=It's a Southern Italian (and now Italian-American) custom in which a grand meal of at least seven different kinds of seafood is served before midnight Mass The fish part comes from the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Christmas Eve, while the number may refer to the seven sacraments. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 December 2013 |accessdate=2013-12-30 }} 2. ^1 2 {{cite news |author=Craig Claiborne |coauthors= |title=A Seven-Course Feast of Fish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/16/garden/a-seven-course-feast-of-fish.html |quote=It is a Christmas Eve ritual handed down from mother to son. Every year, Ed Giobbi, the artist and cookbook author, serves a holiday feast of seven fish dishes (seven for the seven sacraments). Each dish is cooked in a different manner — broiled, fried, baked and so on — or uses a different main ingredient. There is generally a fish or seafood salad and, inevitably, pasta served with a seafood sauce. ... |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 December 1987 |accessdate=2013-12-30 }} 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.americanfoodroots.com/features/feast-of-seven-fishes/|title=Feast of the Seven Fishes: only in America |last1=Marchetti |first1=Domenica |date= 25 December 2012 |website=American Food Roots |publisher= |accessdate=27 August 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7846056/|title=Feast of the Seven Fishes|author=|date=1 November 2018|publisher=|via=www.imdb.com}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Oh Shut Up Rose!|url=http://www.ohshutuprose.com/2017/09/|website=Oh Shut Up Rose!|accessdate=24 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224002340/http://www.ohshutuprose.com/2017/09/|archivedate=23 December 2017|date=11 September 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Kagan|first1=Sarah|title=Mario Batali's Feast of the Seven Fishes|url=https://www.epicurious.com/holidays-events/mario-batalis-feast-of-the-seven-fishes-article|website=Epicurious.com|accessdate=24 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032325/https://www.epicurious.com/holidays-events/mario-batalis-feast-of-the-seven-fishes-article|archivedate=7 July 2017|date=6 December 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Asaff|first1=Beth|title=Why Do Italians Eat Seven Fish on Christmas Eve?|url=http://christmas.lovetoknow.com/christmas-history-traditions/why-do-italians-eat-seven-fish-christmas-eve|website=LoveToKnow.com|accessdate=24 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606014520/http://christmas.lovetoknow.com/christmas-history-traditions/why-do-italians-eat-seven-fish-christmas-eve|archivedate=6 June 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://foodsided.com/2017/12/07/iron-chef-showdown-recap-italian-themed-holidays-reign-supreme/|title=Iron Chef Showdown recap: Italian themed holidays reign supreme|author=|date=7 December 2017|website=foodsided.com}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/16/garden/a-seven-course-feast-of-fish.html|title=A Seven-Course Feast of Fish|last=Claiborne|first=Craig|date=1987-12-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/172478217/|title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 20, 1983 · Page 41|website=Newspapers.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-04}} External links
3 : Christmas meals and feasts|Italian-American cuisine|Italian-American culture in New York City |
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