| 词条 | Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Federation of Tamil Sangams in North America |image = File:Logo_of_FeTNA.jpeg |image_border = |size = |caption = |map = |msize = |mcaption = |abbreviation = FeTNA |motto = |formation = 1987 |extinction = |type = Non-profit Organization |status = |purpose = |headquarters = |location = |region_served = North America |membership = |language = Tamil |leader_title = |leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization = |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = {{URL|http://fetna.org/}} |remarks = }} The Federation of Tamil Sangams in North America (FeTNA, established 1987) is an umbrella organization of Tamil organizations within North American continent. It is a registered[1], non-profit, tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization and founded in 1987 by five Tamil organization: Tamil Association of Delaware Valley, Tamil Sangam of Washington & Baltimore, New York Tamil Sangam, Ilankai Tamil Sangam and Harrisburg Tamil Sangam. In July 2018, it stated that it represents 50[2] Tamil organizations based in America and Canada.[3] ActivitiesConventionFeTNA organizes an annual North American Tamil convention. Established in 1988, the conventions are held during the 4th of July weekend, in a different city every year.[4] Conventions can attract over two thousand attendees from all over North America. Invited guests typically include Tamil writers, actors, musicians, and politicians from a variety of political parties in India and Sri Lanka.[5][6][7][8] The annual conventions were held jointly with the Indian-American Tamil Nadu Foundation until 2002; the two groups have held separate conventions starting in 2003.[9] The 32nd convention will be held along with World Tamil Conference during July 3-7, 2019 in Chicago.
Support for Tamil studiesFeTNA sponsors visits from two Tamil scholars to the United States each year; as of 2006, it had sponsored a total of 24 scholars.[4][10] It has also been involved in the sponsorship of a Tamil Chair at the University of California, Berkeley[11] and the Tamil Studies program at the University of Toronto.[12] Fundraising for disaster relief workFeTNA plays an active role in fundraising for disaster relief work in response to crises like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2004 Kumbakonam school fire.[13] In June 2005, the group reported that it had raised $37,965.79 for tsunami relief (disbursed through the Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation, the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and Exnora International)[14] and $16,020.43 for victims of the Kumbakonam school fire (disbursed through the Kumbakonam Lions Club).[15] OrganizationThe Federation was founded in 1987 by five American Tamil sangams: Ilankai Tamil Sangam, Tamil Association of Delaware Valley, Tamil Sangam of Washington & Baltimore, New York Tamil Sangam and Harrisburg Tamil Sangam.[16] As of October 2010, FeTNA's website links to the websites of the following member organizations: Austin Tamil Sangam, Bay Area Tamil Manram, Bharathi Kalai Manram, Boston Thamil Association, California Tamil Sangam, Canadian Tamil Congress, Chicago Tamil Sangam, Cincinnati Tamil Sangam, Columbus Tamil Sangam, Connecticut Tamil Sangam, Greater Atlanta Tamil Sangam, Harrisburg Area Tamil Sangam, Ilankai Tamil Sangam, Metroplex Tamil Sangam, Michigan Tamil Sangam, Minnesota Tamil Sangam, Missouri Thamiz Sangam, National Tamil Youth Organization, New England Tamil Sangam, New Jersey Tamil Arts and Cultural Society, New Jersey Tamil Sangam, New York Tamil Sangam, Oklahoma Tamil Sangam, Panai Nilam Tamil Sangam, San Antonio Tamil Sangam, Seattle Tamil Sangam, South Florida Tamil Sangam, Tamil Association of Colorado, Tamil Association of Greater Delaware Valley, Tamil Malar Manram of Cleveland, Tamil Sangam of Carolina, Tamil Sangam of Greater Washington, Tamil Sneham, Tamil Eelam Society of Canada, Tampa Tamil Association, Tennessee Tamil Sangam, and the Utah Tamil Sangam.[16] According to the FeTNA website, the cost of membership varies based on the size of constituent sangams. Each sangam appoints delegates to the governing board, with votes proportional to membership.[4] Beside the governing board, the group has a President, Secretary, Treasurer, and Communications Director.[4][17] Ethnic conflict in Sri LankaPublic stancesThe Federation publicly sides with the cause of ethnic Sri Lankan Tamils in the Sri Lankan Civil War. It has issued a number of statements calling for an end to Sri Lankan government violence against Tamils, the ability of Tamils to engage in meaningful negotiations with the government, and a peaceful political resolution to the conflict.
US civil rights lawsuitsThe Federation's stated interest in doing cultural work in the "Tamil Eelam" region of Sri Lanka involved it with high-profile legal challenges against the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) and the USA PATRIOT Act. In 1997, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright designated the LTTE as a "foreign terrorist organization" under the terms of the AEDPA, which, according to TamilNet, "criminalizes the provision of material support or resources to the lawful and non-violent activities of any foreign organization designated as 'terrorist' by the Secretary of State."[24] In 1998, FeTNA and seven other organizations joined the Center for Constitutional Rights in challenging the constitutionality of the AEDPA, which would make illegal FeTNA's attempts to do service around Tamil language, arts, and cultural institutions in the LTTE-occupied "Tamil Eelam" region of Sri Lanka. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against the plaintiffs.[25] The Center for Constitutional Rights and the Humanitarian Law Project took up a similar case challenging the AEDPA and the USA PATRIOT Act in 2003.[26] In March 2004, Judge Audrey Collins enjoined the US Government from enforcing applicable sections of the USA Patriot Act against the plaintiffs; however, FeTNA was not covered by the ruling, because they did not provide the court with adequate details to prove that their proposed actions—doing cultural work in LTTE-occupied parts of Sri Lanka—would actually be in violation of the law.[27] CriticismSome critics of the LTTE, consider FeTNA overly sympathetic toward or supportive of the group. FeTNA's public statements are primarily critical of human rights abuses attributed to the government of Sri Lanka, rather than those attributed to the LTTE. A July 2003 Times of India article based on a prior article in Sri Lankan paper The Island called FeTNA "one of LTTE's front organisations," and referred to the annual FeTNA convention as an LTTE fundraiser.[28] (The Island is editorially critical of the LTTE, and some of its Tamil critics point to a 1999 Asian Human Rights Commission statement that called it "a Sri Lankan newspaper well known for its racist propaganda.")[29] The accusation appears not to have been repeated in subsequent media coverage, and mainstream Indian political figures (e.g. Indian President Abdul Kalam) have continued to participate in FeTNA events.[5] Other political stancesCalifornia Hindu textbook controversy{{main|Californian Hindu textbook controversy}}FeTNA was actively involved in the Californian Hindu textbook controversy, in which it joined a number of other groups in successfully petitioning California's Curriculum Commission to reject allegedly revisionist edits to California's textbook curriculum on Hinduism and India, as suggested by the Hindu Education Foundation and the Vedic Foundation. FeTNA raised several specific objections about the proposed textbook revisions, which they felt sidelined the role of South Indian and Dravidian culture (history, language, and religious traditions), and allegedly "whitewashed" caste and gender discrimination in India.[17] Upon rejection by the Board of major proposed edits, a jubilant Thillai Kumaran, then President of FeTNA, dismissed the pending lawsuit by the Hindu organizations. "Threats of legal action are a clear sign of desperation on the part of the Sangh organizations; these organizations are perhaps not aware that the Board deals with dozens of lawsuits at any given time and cannot be cowed by such threats.". {{cn|date=February 2018}} Thillai Kumaran, a concerned parent, mentioned his lower-caste origins during his testimony,[30] mentioned that his son, who attends middle school in California, did not feel insulted by the textbook's contents on Hinduism. Support for caste-based reservations in IndiaIn a statement FeTNA has supported caste-based reservation in India to 49.5% of the available seats in institutes of higher education and jobs.[31] It has been critical of the demonstration again the proposed increased in reserved seats. The Tamil Nadu state of India already reserves 69% seats for specific castes. References1. ^https://fetna.org/ 2. ^https://fetna.org/member-tamil-sangams/ 3. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/13/stories/2006041315910200.htm | title=FeTNA's 19th annual convention from July 1 | publisher=The Hindu | date=2006-04-13 | accessdate=2006-08-06}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.fetna.org/english/eng-about.htm |title=FeTNA: About Us |accessdate=2006-08-06 |author=Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061025171427/http://www.fetna.org/english/eng-about.htm |archivedate = October 25, 2006}} 5. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Suhasini|first1=Gloria|title=2,000 attend Tamil meet in U.S.|url=http://asiantribune.com/news/2003/07/08/2000-attend-tamil-meet-us|accessdate=23 December 2015|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=Asian Tribune|date=8 July 2003}} 6. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ciindia.com/News/fetna19072006.htm | title=Business and cultural forums mark achievements of community | publisher=South Asian Insider | date=2006-07-14 | accessdate=2006-08-07| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929171951/http://www.ciindia.com/News/fetna19072006.htm| archivedate = September 29, 2007}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=12349 | title=Gajendrakumar on U.S. visit | publisher=TamilNet | date=2004-07-05 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/us/2000/jul/06us2.htm | title=The grand Tamil reunion | publisher=Rediff | date=2002-07-06 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ntyo.org/kolangal/president.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031114130927/http://www.ntyo.org/kolangal/president.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2003-11-14 |title=Letter from the President |publisher=Kolangal (National Tamil Youth Association newsletter) |date=2002–2003 |accessdate=2006-08-07 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.iexpressusa.com/new/articles/display_news.php?newsid=2567&from=news | title=Glimpses of rich past at FeTNA's Manhattan date | publisher=The Indian Express (North American Edition) | date=2006-08-04 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://tamil.berkeley.edu/Tamil%20Chair/Background.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/19981203004621/http://tamil.berkeley.edu/Tamil%20Chair/Background.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1998-12-03 |title=Tamil Chair Background |accessdate=2006-08-07 |author=UC Berkeley Center for South Asia Studies }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://tamilstudies.org/contribute.html |title=TamilStudies.org: Contribute |accessdate=2006-08-07 |author=University of Toronto Tamil Studies Coordinating Committee}} 13. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=9e3cba8a9bdfb9dad3a3f97286cbfa36 | title=South Asian Americans Confront Tsunami with Faith and Fundraisers | publisher=India-West | date=2004-12-31 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fetna.org/FeTNA%20Tsunami%20Relief%20fund%20update%20060105.doc |title=FeTNA Tsunami Relief fund update 20060105 |accessdate=2006-09-05 | author=Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America|format=Word|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060514122602/http://www.fetna.org/FeTNA%2520Tsunami%2520Relief%2520fund%2520update%2520060105.doc |archivedate = May 14, 2006}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fetna.org/Web%20Update%20Kumbakonam%20060105.doc |title=Update (6-01-05) - Kumbakonam Fire Relief Fund |accessdate=2006-09-05 | author=Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America|format=MS Word|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060514122311/http://www.fetna.org/Web%2520Update%2520Kumbakonam%2520060105.doc |archivedate = May 14, 2006}} 16. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://fetna.org/board-directors/|title=About FeTNA|accessdate=June 24, 2018}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.friendsofsouthasia.org/textbook/LetterToCAStateBoard_FeTNA.pdf |title=FeTNA letter to the California State Board of Education |accessdate=2006-08-06 |author=Thillai Kumaran (FeTNA) |date=2006-02-19 |format=PDF}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sangam.org/TVOICE/tvFall95.htm#ftna |title=The FeTNA Resolution |publisher=Tamil Voice (Newsletter of the Ilankai Tamil Sangam) |date=Fall 1995 |accessdate=2006-08-07}} 19. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14790 | title=Govt. of Sri Lanka is accountable for journalist's murder- US Tamils | publisher=TamilNet| date=2005-05-02 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 20. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=16658 | title=US Tamils call for sanctions against SL Government | publisher=TamilNet | date=2005-12-27 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 21. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=18321 | title=US Tamils call for stop to extra-judicial killings | publisher=TamilNet | date=2006-05-29 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 22. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=16728 | title=Tamil Americans urge Co-chairs to promote "equal partnership for peace" | publisher=TamilNet | date=2006-01-04 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 23. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=18680 | title=US Tamils urge UN action against Sri Lanka | publisher=TamilNet | date=2006-07-01 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 24. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=1145 | title=US Antiterrorism Law challenged in courts | publisher=TamilNet | date=1998-03-20 | accessdate=2006-08-06}} 25. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5678 | title=Petition against Antiterrorism Law ruling filed in US Supreme Court | publisher=TamilNet | date=2000-12-24 | accessdate=2006-08-06}} 26. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=10034 | title=Cole, Chang lead US Patriot Act challenge by Tamils | publisher=TamilNet | date=2003-10-05 | accessdate=2006-08-06}} 27. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=11380 | title=Amended US court ruling protects WTCC, FeTNA | publisher=TamilNet | date=2004-03-04 | accessdate=2006-08-06}} 28. ^{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55880.cms | title=Indian cine stars to raise money for LTTE | publisher=The Times of India | date=2003-07-02 | accessdate=2006-08-07}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/indictment/genocide95/gen95113.htm |title=Asian Human Rights Commission says: "Sri Lankan record of gross abuse of human rights is much worse than that of Chile during the rule of Pinochet" |accessdate=2006-08-10 | work=Indictment Against Sri Lanka |publisher=Tamilnation.org | date=2006-02-19 }} 30. ^http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/living/education/13904600.htm 31. ^Dismantling Discrimination - Press Release by FOSA, ACJP, FeTNA and CSFH External links
8 : Indian diaspora in the United States|Tamil organisations|South Asian American organizations|Tamil-American culture|Overseas Indian organisations|Sri Lankan-American culture|Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|Indian-American culture |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。