| 词条 | Fetch (game) |
| 释义 |
Fetch is a game usually played with a dog. An object, such as a stick or ball, is thrown a moderate distance away from the animal, and it is the animal's objective to grab and retrieve it. Many times, the owner of the animal will say "Fetch" to the animal before or after throwing the object. In rare instances, cats, especially younger cats, have been known to engage in fetch behavior. Mathematics of FetchArizona State psychology professor Michael McBeath has proposed a simple model to explain how dogs play Fetch. By mounting a camera on the head of a dog, he found that the dog changed its speed and direction in order to keep the frisbee's image in a constant position on its retina. This approach, called the Linear Optical Trajectory, makes the frisbee appear to move in a linear path at a constant speed. McBeath had previously noticed this interception strategy in professional baseball players pursuing fly balls.[1]Tim Pennings,[2] a mathematics professor at Hope College, has found that dogs are somehow able to calculate the optimal path to a ball thrown in the water. While playing Fetch with his Welsh Corgi, he noticed that the dog ran along the beach for a certain distance before jumping into the water. Because the dog is faster on land, this technique minimizes the total retrieval time. He showed that the dog is able to calculate the optimal point to jump into the water with statistical significance, a problem Pennings must resort to calculus to solve. Perruchet and Gallego[3] have demonstrated a method for calculating this optimal path using calculus in a different way. They propose that the dog optimizes its behaviour on a moment-to-moment basis, choosing at each moment the path that allows it to maximize its speed of approach to the ball. This requires the dog to be able to accurately estimate its speed on both land and water, but does not rely on the premise that the dog plans the entire route in advance.[4] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|date=2004-06-26|volume=165|issue=26|title=Dogs Catching Frisbees|author=Ivars Peterson|journal=Science News Online|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040626/mathtrek.asp |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614065948/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040626/mathtrek.asp |archivedate = 2006-06-14}} 2. ^{{cite journal|journal=College Mathematics Journal|title=Do dogs know calculus?|date=May 2003|author=Tim Pennings|volume=34|pages=178–182|url=http://www.maa.org/features/elvisdog.pdf|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|doi=10.2307/3595798|issue=3|jstor=3595798}} 3. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/27646266|journal=College Mathematics Journal|title=Do dogs know related rates rather than optimization?|date=January 2006|author=Pierre Perruchet and Jorge Gallego|volume=37|issue=1|pages=16–18|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|jstor=27646266}} 4. ^{{cite journal|date=2006-02-18|volume=169|issue=7|title=Calculating Dogs|author=Ivars Peterson|journal=Science News Online|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060218/mathtrek.asp |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060811115932/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060218/mathtrek.asp |archivedate = 2006-08-11}} Further reading
External links
2 : Dog training and behavior|Throwing games |
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