| 词条 | Charles Renouvier |
| 释义 |
|region = Western philosophy |era = 19th-century philosophy |image = Charles Renouvier.jpg |name = Charles Renouvier |birth_date = {{birth date|1815|1|1}} |birth_place = Montpellier |death_date = {{death date and age|1903|9|1|1815|1|1}} |death_place = Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales[1] |alma_mater = École Polytechnique |school_tradition = Critical philosophy[2] |main_interests = Metaphysics |notable_ideas = Néo-criticisme, uchronia |influences = Immanuel Kant, Jules Lequier, Emanuel Swedenborg |influenced = Émile Durkheim, William James, Léon Brunschvicg, Octave Hamelin, Alfred Fouillée }}Charles Bernard Renouvier ({{IPA-fr|ʁənuvje|lang}}; January 1, 1815 – September 1, 1903) was a French philosopher. He considered himself a "Swedenborg of history" who sought to update the philosophy of Kantian liberalism and individualism for the socio-economic realities of the late nineteenth century, and influenced the sociological method of Émile Durkheim.[3][4][5] BiographyCharles B. Renouvier was born in Montpellier and educated in Paris at the École Polytechnique. He took an early interest in politics. Renouvier never held public office, spending his time writing, away from public scrutiny. PhilosophyRenouvier was the first Frenchman after Nicolas Malebranche to formulate a complete idealistic system, and had a vast influence on the development of French thought. His system is based on Immanuel Kant's,[6] as his chosen term "néo-criticisme" indicates; but it is a transformation rather than a continuation of Kantianism. The two leading ideas are the dislike of the "unknowable" in all its forms, and a reliance on the validity of personal experience. The former accounts for Renouvier's acceptance of Kant's phenomenalism, combined with rejection of the thing-in-itself. It accounts, too, for his polemic on the one hand against a Substantial Soul, a Buddhistic Absolute, an Infinite Spiritual Substance; on the other hand against the no less mysterious material or dynamic substratum by which naturalistic Monism explains the world. He holds that nothing exists except presentations, which are not merely sensational, and have an objective aspect no less than a subjective. To explain the formal organization of our experience he adopts a modified version of the Kantian categories. The insistence on the validity of personal experience leads Renouvier to a yet more important divergence from Kant in his treatment of volition. Liberty, he says, in a much wider sense than Kant, is man's fundamental characteristic. Human freedom acts in the phenomenal, not in an imaginary noumenal sphere. Belief is not intellectual merely, but is determined by an act of will affirming what we hold to be morally good. In his religious views Renouvier makes a considerable approximation to Gottfried Leibniz. He holds that we are rationally justified in affirming human immortality and the existence of a finite God who is to be a constitutional ruler, but not a despot, over the souls of men. He nevertheless regards atheism as preferable to a belief in an infinite Deity. Renouvier's dislike of the unknowable also led him to take up arms against the notion of an actual infinite. He believed that an infinite sum must be a name for something incomplete. If one begins to count, "one, two, three ..." there never comes a time when one is entitled to shout "infinity"! Infinity is a project, never a fact, in the neocritical view. Renouvier became an important influence upon the thought of American psychologist and philosopher William James. James wrote that "but for the decisive impression made on me in the 1870s by his masterly advocacy of pluralism, I might never have got free from the monistic superstition under which I had grown up." Works
See also
Notes1. ^"Herbert Spencer et Charles Renouvier" 2. ^John I. Brooks, The Eclectic Legacy: Academic Philosophy and the Human Sciences in Nineteenth-century France, University of Delaware Press, 1998, p. 150. 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Geenens |first1=Raf |last2=Rosenblatt |first2=Helena |title=French Liberalism from Montesquieu to the Present Day |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=239}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Ferguson |first1=Niall |title=Virtual History: Alternatives And Counterfactuals |date=2008 |publisher=Basic Books |page=9}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Robert Alun |title=The Secret of the Totem: Religion and Society from McLennan to Freud |date=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press}} 6. ^Kant, Philosophy of, The Catholic Encyclopedia 7. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/enseign/philo/textesph/default.htm#renouv |title=Textes philosophiques complets |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204144533/http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/enseign/philo/textesph/default.htm#renouv |archivedate=December 4, 2004 |publisher= at www.ac-nancy-metz.fr }} Further reading{{wikisource author|Charles Bernard Renouvier}}
6 : 1815 births|1903 deaths|People from Montpellier|French philosophers|École Polytechnique alumni|French male non-fiction writers |
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