“Fibered manifold”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Fibered manifold

释义

History
Formal definition
Examples
Properties
Fibered coordinates
Local trivialization and fiber bundles
See also
Notes
References
Historical
External links

In differential geometry, in the category of differentiable manifolds, a fibered manifold is a surjective submersion^[1]

i.e. a surjective differentiable mapping such that at each point {{math|y ∈ E}} the tangent mapping

is surjective, or, equivalently, its rank equals dim {{math|B}}.

History

In topology, the words fiber (Faser in German) and fiber space (gefaserter Raum) appeared for the first time in a paper by Seifert in 1932,^[2] but his definitions are limited to a very special case. The main difference from the present day conception of a fiber space, however, was that for Seifert what is now called the base space (topological space) of a fiber (topological) space E was not part of the structure, but derived from it as a quotient space of E. The first definition of fiber space is given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 ^[3] under the name sphere space, but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to sphere bundle.^[4]

The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles, principal bundles, topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert, Hopf, Feldbau,^[5] Whitney, Steenrod, Ehresmann,^[6]^[7]^[8] Serre,^[9] and others.

Formal definition

A triple {{math|(E, π, B)}} where {{math|E}} and {{math|B}} are differentiable manifolds and {{math|π: E → B}} is a surjective submersion, is called a fibered manifold.^[10] E is called the total space, B is called the base.

Examples

Every differentiable fiber bundle is a fibered manifold.
Every differentiable covering space is a fibered manifold with discrete fiber.
In general, a fibered manifold needs not to be a fiber bundle: different fibers may have different topologies. An example of this phenomenon may be constructed by taking the trivial bundle {{math|(S¹ × ℝ, π₁, S¹)}} and deleting two points in two different fibers over the base manifold {{math|S¹}}.The result is a new fibered manifold where all the fibers except two are connected.

Properties

Any surjective submersion {{math|π: E → B}} is open: for each open {{math|V ⊂ E}}, the set {{math|π(V) ⊂ B}} is open in {{math|B}}.
Each fiber {{math|π⁻¹(b) ⊂ E, b ∈ B}} is a closed embedded submanifold of {{mvar|E}} of dimension {{math|dim E − dim B}}.^[11]
A fibered manifold admits local sections: For each {{math|y ∈ E}} there is an open neighborhood {{math|U}} of {{math|π(y)}} in {{math|B}} and a smooth mapping {{math|s: U → E}} with {{math|1=π ∘ s = Id_U}} and {{math|s(π(y)) {{=}} y}}.
A surjection {{math|π : E → B}} is a fibered manifold if and only if there exists a local section {{math|s : B → E}} of {{mvar|π}} (with {{math|π ∘ s {{=}} Id_B}}) passing through each {{math|y ∈ E}}.^[12]

Fibered coordinates

Let {{math|B}} (resp. {{math|E}}) be an {{math|n}}-dimensional (resp. {{math|p}}-dimensional) manifold. A fibered manifold {{math|(E, π, B)}} admits fiber charts. We say that a chart {{math|(V, ψ)}} on {{math|E}} is a fiber chart, or is adapted to the surjective submersion {{math|π: E → B}} if there exists a chart {{math|(U, φ)}} on {{math|B}} such that {{math|1=U = π(V)}} and

where

The above fiber chart condition may be equivalently expressed by

where

is the projection onto the first {{math|n}} coordinates. The chart {{math|(U, φ)}} is then obviously unique. In view of the above property, the fibered coordinates of a fiber chart {{math|(V, ψ)}} are usually denoted by {{math|ψ {{=}} (xⁱ, y^σ)}} where {{math|i ∈ {1, ..., n}}}, {{math|σ ∈ {1, ..., m}}}, {{math|1=m = p − n}} the coordinates of the corresponding chart {{math|U, φ)}} on {{math|B}} are then denoted, with the obvious convention, by {{math|1=φ = (xⁱ)}} where {{math|i ∈ {1, ..., n}}}.

Conversely, if a surjection {{math|π: E → B}} admits a fibered atlas, then {{math|π: E → B}} is a fibered manifold.

Local trivialization and fiber bundles

Let {{math|E → B}} be a fibered manifold and {{math|V}} any manifold. Then an open covering {{math|{U_α}}} of {{math|B}} together with maps^[13]

called trivialization maps, such that

is a local trivialization with respect to {{math|V}}.

A fibered manifold together with a manifold {{math|V}} is a fiber bundle with typical fiber (or just fiber) {{math|V}} if it admits a local trivialization with respect to {{mvar|V}}. The atlas {{math|Ψ {{=}} {(U_α, ψ_α)}}} is then called a bundle atlas.

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Kolář|1993|p=11}}
2. ^{{harvnb|Seifert|1932}}
3. ^{{harvnb|Whitney|1935}}
4. ^{{harvnb|Whitney|1940}}
5. ^{{harvnb|Feldbau|1939}}
6. ^{{harvnb|Ehresman|1947a}}
7. ^{{harvnb|Ehresman|1947b}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Ehresman|1955}}
9. ^{{harvnb|Serre|1951}}
10. ^{{harvnb|Krupka|Janyška|1990|p=47}}
11. ^{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=11}}
12. ^{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=15}}
13. ^{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=13}}

References

{{citation|last1 = Kolář|first1=Ivan|last2=Michor|first2=Peter|last3=Slovák|first3=Jan|url=http://www.emis.de/monographs/KSM/kmsbookh.pdf|format=PDF|title=Natural operators in differential geometry|year = 1993|publisher = Springer-Verlag}}
{{citation|last1 = Krupka|first1=Demeter|last2=Janyška|first2=Josef|title=Lectures on differential invariants|year = 1990|publisher = Univerzita J. E. Purkyně V Brně|isbn=80-210-0165-8}}
{{citation|last1 = Saunders|first1=D.J.|title=The geometry of jet bundles|year = 1989|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36948-7}}
{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Giachetta|first1=G.|last2=Mangiarotti|first2=L.|last3=Sardanashvily|first3=G.|authorlink3=Gennadi Sardanashvily|title=New Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods in Field Theory|publisher=World Scientific|year=1997|isbn=981-02-1587-8}}

Historical

{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Sur la théorie des espaces fibrés|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|authorlink=Charles Ehresmann|journal=Coll. Top. alg. Paris|volume=C.N.R.S.|year=1947a|pages=3–15|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Sur les espaces fibrés différentiables|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=224|year=1947b|pages=1611–1612|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Les prolongements d'un espace fibré différentiable|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=240|year=1955|pages=1755–1757|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Sur la classification des espaces fibrés|first=J.|last=Feldbau|authorlink=Jacques Feldbau|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=208|year=1939|pages=1621–1623|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Topologie dreidimensionaler geschlossener Räume|first=H.|last=Seifert|authorlink=Herbert Seifert|journal=Acta Math.|volume=60|year=1932|pages=147–238|doi=10.1007/bf02398271|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Homologie singulière des espaces fibrés. Applications|first=J.-P.|last=Serre|authorlink=Jean-Pierre Serre|journal=Ann. of Math.|volume=54|year=1951|pages=425–505|doi=10.2307/1969485|language=French}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=Sphere spaces|first=H.|last=Whitney|authorlink=Hassler Whitney|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=21|year=1935|pages=464–468|doi=10.1073/pnas.21.7.464|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/21/7.toc}} {{open access}}
{{cite journal|ref=harv|title=On the theory of sphere bundles|first=H.|last=Whitney|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=26|year=1940|pages=148–153|mr=0001338|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/26/2.toc|doi=10.1073/pnas.26.2.148}} {{open access}}

External links

{{cite web|title=A History of Manifolds and Fibre Spaces: Tortoises and Hares|url=http://pages.vassar.edu/mccleary/files/2011/04/history.fibre_.spaces.pdf|format=pdf|last=McCleary|first=J.}}

3 : Differential geometry|Manifolds|Fiber bundles

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