“Final stellation of the icosahedron”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In geometry, the complete or final stellation of the icosahedron^[1]^[2] is the outermost stellation of the icosahedron, and is "complete" and "final" because it includes all of the cells in the icosahedron's stellation diagram.

This polyhedron is the seventeenth stellation of the icosahedron, and given as Wenninger model index 42.

Johannes Kepler researched stellations that create regular star polyhedra (the Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra) in 1619, but the complete icosahedron, with irregular faces, was first studied in 1900 by Max Brückner.

History

Interpretations

As a stellation

The stellation of a polyhedron extends the faces of a polyhedron into infinite planes and generates a new polyhedron that is bounded by these planes as faces and the intersections of these planes as edges. The Fifty Nine Icosahedra enumerates the stellations of the regular icosahedron, according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller, including the complete stellation. The Du Val symbol of the complete stellation is H, because it includes all cells in the stellation diagram up to and including the outermost "h" layer.^[6]

As a simple polyhedron

As a simple, visible surface polyhedron, the outward form of the final stellation is composed of 180 triangular faces, which are the outermost triangular regions in the stellation diagram. These join along 270 edges, which in turn meet at 92 vertices, with an Euler characteristic of 2.^[9]

The 92 vertices lie on the surfaces of three concentric spheres. The innermost group of 20 vertices form the vertices of a regular dodecahedron; the next layer of 12 form the vertices of a regular icosahedron; and the outer layer of 60 form the vertices of a nonuniform truncated icosahedron. The radii of these spheres are in the ratio^[10]

When regarded as a three-dimensional solid object with edge lengths a, φa, φ²a and φ²a{{radic|2}} (where φ is the golden ratio) the complete icosahedron has surface area^[10]

As a star polyhedron

The complete stellation can also be seen as a self-intersecting star polyhedron having 20 faces corresponding to the 20 faces of the underlying icosahedron. Each face is an irregular 9/4 star polygon, or enneagram.^[6] Since three faces meet at each vertex it has 20 × 9 / 3 = 60 vertices (these are the outermost layer of visible vertices and form the tips of the "spines") and 20 × 9 / 2 = 90 edges (each edge of the star polyhedron includes and connects two of the 180 visible edges).

When regarded as a star icosahedron, the complete stellation is a noble polyhedron, because it is both isohedral (face-transitive) and isogonal (vertex-transitive).

See also

Notes

1. ^Coxeter et al. (1938), pp 30–31
2. ^Wenninger, Polyhedron Models, p. 65.
3. ^¹Brückner, Max (1900)
4. ^{{MathWorld|urlname = Kepler-PoinsotSolid|title = Kepler-Poinsot Solid}}
5. ^Louis Poinsot, Memoire sur les polygones et polyèdres. J. de l'École Polytechnique 9, pp. 16–48, 1810.
6. ^¹²Cromwell (1999) (p. 259)
7. ^Wheeler (1924)
8. ^The name echidnahedron may be credited to Andrew Hume, developer of the netlib polyhedron database:
"... and some odd solids including the echidnahedron (my name; its actually the final stellation of the icosahedron)." [https://groups.google.com/group/geometry.research/browse_thread/thread/83fef9c1c0df12df/569b136b9a82f709?hl=en&lnk=st&q=Echidnahedron#569b136b9a82f709 geometry.research; "polyhedra database"; August 30, 1995, 12:00 am.]

9. ^Echidnahedron {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007033206/http://polyhedra.org/poly/show/141/echidnahedron |date=2008-10-07 }} at polyhedra.org
10. ^¹²{{MathWorld | urlname=Echidnahedron | title=Echidnahedron}}