“Finite potential well”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The finite potential well (also known as the finite square well) is a concept from quantum mechanics. It is an extension of the infinite potential well, in which a particle is confined to a box, but one which has finite potential walls. Unlike the infinite potential well, there is a probability associated with the particle being found outside the box. The quantum mechanical interpretation is unlike the classical interpretation, where if the total energy of the particle is less than the potential energy barrier of the walls it cannot be found outside the box. In the quantum interpretation, there is a non-zero probability of the particle being outside the box even when the energy of the particle is less than the potential energy barrier of the walls (cf quantum tunnelling).

Particle in a 1-dimensional box

For the 1-dimensional case on the x-axis, the time-independent Schrödinger equation can be written as:

For the case of the particle in a 1-dimensional box of length L, the potential is

outside the box, and zero for x between

and

. The wavefunction is considered to be made up of different wavefunctions at different ranges of x, depending on whether x is inside or outside of the box. Therefore, the wavefunction is defined such that:

Inside the box

This is a well-studied differential equation and eigenvalue problem with a general solution of

Outside the box

For the region Outside of the box, since the potential is constant, V(x) =

and Equation 1 becomes:

There are two possible families of solutions, depending on whether E is less than

(the particle is bound in the potential) or E is greater than

(the particle is free).

Now in order to find the specific solution for the problem at hand, we must specify the appropriate boundary conditions and find the values for A, B, F, G, H and I that satisfy those conditions.

Finding wavefunctions for the bound state

Solutions to the Schrödinger equation must be continuous, and continuously differentiable.^[1] These requirements are boundary conditions on the differential equations previously derived, that is, the matching conditions between the solutions inside and outside the well.

In this case, the finite potential well is symmetrical, so symmetry can be exploited to reduce the necessary calculations.

We see that as

goes to

, the

term goes to infinity. Likewise, as

goes to

, the

term goes to infinity. In order for the wave function to be square integrable, we must set

, and we have:

Next, we know that the overall

function must be continuous and differentiable. In other words, the values of the functions and their derivatives must match up at the dividing points:

These equations have two sorts of solutions, symmetric, for which

and

, and antisymmetric, for which

and

. For the symmetric case we get

Recall that both

and

depend on the energy. What we have found is that the continuity conditions cannot be satisfied for an arbitrary value of the energy. Only certain energy values, which are solutions to one or either of these two equations, are allowed. Hence we find that the energy levels of the system below

are discrete; the corresponding eigenfunctions are bound states. (By contrast, for the energy levels above

are continuous.^[2])

The energy equations cannot be solved analytically. Nevertheless, we will see that in the symmetric case, there always exists at least one bound state, even if the well is very shallow.^[3]

Graphical or numerical solutions to the energy equations are aided by rewriting them a little. If we introduce the dimensionless variables

and

, and note from the definitions of

and

that

, where

, the master equations read

In the plot to the right, for

, solutions exist where the blue semicircle intersects the purple or grey curves (

and

). Each purple or grey curve represents a possible solution,

within the range

. The total number of solutions,

, (i.e., the number of purple/grey curves that are intersected by the blue circle) is therefore determined by dividing the radius of the blue circle,

, by the range of each solution

If we want, we can go back and find the values of the constants

in the equations now (we also need to impose the normalisation condition). On the right we show the energy levels and wave functions in this case (where

We note that however small

is (however shallow or narrow the well), there is always at least one bound state.

Two special cases are worth noting. As the height of the potential becomes large,

, the radius of the semicircle gets larger and the roots get closer and closer to the values

, and we recover the case of the infinite square well.

The other case is that of a very narrow, deep well - specifically the case

and

with

fixed. As

it will tend to zero, and so there will only be one bound state. The approximate solution is then

, and the energy tends to

. But this is just the energy of the bound state of a Delta function potential of strength

, as it should be.

A simpler graphical solution for the energy levels can be obtained by normalizing the potential and the energy through multiplication by

. The normalized quantities are

for the even and odd parity wave functions, respectively. In the previous equations only the positive derivative parts of the functions have to be considered. The chart giving directly the allowed couples

is reported in the figure.

Note: The above derivation does not consider the possibility that the effective mass of the particle could be different inside the potential well and the region outside the well.

Unbound states

If we solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation for an energy

, the solutions will be oscillatory both inside and outside the well. Thus, the solution is never square integrable; that is, it is always a non-normalizable state. This does not mean, however, that it is impossible for a quantum particle to have energy greater than

, it merely means that the system has continuous spectrum above

. The non-normalizable eigenstates are close enough to being square integrable that they still contribute to the spectrum of the Hamiltonian as an unbounded operator.^[5]

Asymmetrical well

Consider a one-dimensional asymmtrical potential well given by the potential^[6]

The energy levels

is determined once

is solved as a root of the following transcendental equation

where

Existence of root to above equation is not always guaranteed, for example, one can always find a value of

so small, that for given values of

and

, there exists no discrete energy level. The results of symmetrical well is obtained from above equation by setting

Spherical cavity

The results above can be used to show that, contrary to the one-dimensional case, there is not always a bound state in a spherical cavity.

The ground state of a spherically symmetric potential will always have zero orbital angular momentum, and the reduced wave function

satisfies the equation

This is identical to the one-dimensional equation, except for the boundary conditions. As before,

and its first derivative must be continuous at the edge of the well

. However, there is another condition, that

must be finite, and that requires

By comparison with the solutions above, we can see that only the antisymmetric ones have nodes at the origin. Thus only the solutions to

are allowed. These correspond to the intersection of the semicircle with the grey curves, and so if the cavity is too shallow or small, there will be no bound state.