| 词条 | Firehole River |
| 释义 |
| name = Firehole River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Firehole river at Upper Geyser Basin-2008-june.jpg | image_caption = Firehole River | image_size = 300 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Wyoming#USA | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of the Firehole River in Wyoming | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Wyoming | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|21|mi|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Madison Lake | source1_location = Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming | source1_coordinates= {{coord|44|20|37|N|110|52|43|W|display=inline}}[1] | source1_elevation = | mouth = Madison River | mouth_location = Madison Junction, Wyoming | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|44|38|32|N|110|51|56|W|display=inline,title}}[1] | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = Sentinel Creek, Fairy Creek, Little Firehole River, Iron Spring Creek | tributaries_right = Nez Perce Creek | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The Firehole River is located in northwestern Wyoming, and is one of the two major tributaries of the Madison River. It flows north approximately {{convert|21|mi|km}} from its source in Madison Lake on the Continental Divide to join the Gibbon River at Madison Junction in Yellowstone National Park. It is part of the Missouri River system. DescriptionThe Firehole River flows through several significant geyser basins in the park to include the Upper Geyser Basin, which contains the world-famous geyser Old Faithful. The river was named by early trappers for the steam that makes it appear to be smoking as if on fire.[2] The Firehole flows over three of Yellowstone's major waterfalls: Kepler Cascades south of Old Faithful, Firehole Falls and the Cascades of the Firehole in Firehole Canyon.[3] The river is surrounded by geothermal features which empty water into it. One effect of the input of this water is to increase the temperature of the water. Temperatures in the river have been measured as high as {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and average 5 to 10 °C (9 to 18 °F) higher than areas upstream of geothermal influence.[4] Water entering the river from geothermal features contains dissolved chemicals and minerals. Levels of boron and arsenic have been found to be above the standard limits for protection of aquatic organisms. Despite these levels, brown and rainbow trout live and spawn in the river.[4] Firehole River has been a fishing mecca{{definition|date=January 2018}} since the late 19th century and is known today for its excellent fly fishing.[5][6] The river contains an invasive species, the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum).[7] TributariesSignificant tributaries of the Firehole are the Little Firehole River, Fairy Creek, Iron Spring Creek, Sentinel Creek and Nez Perce Creek. All these tributaries bring cool waters to the Firehole and provide refuge for trout in the mainstem during mid-summer high temperatures caused by geothermal activity.[8] AnglingThe Firehole River is a famous and storied destination for serious fly fishermen. When it was discovered in the 1830s by American explorers, the Firehole was barren of trout above what is now called Firehole Falls. Brook trout were first introduced to the upper Firehole in 1889, while brown trout, the river's most plentiful trout today, was first stocked in 1890. Rainbow trout were not introduced until 1923. Mountain whitefish are native to the Firehole below Firehole Falls. By the late 19th century, the Firehole and Yellowstone National Park in general was a popular destination for fishermen. In 1955 all stocking programs in the park were discontinued and today's Firehole trout are completely wild populations. In 1968, based on increasing pressure on the Firehole, the Gibbon and Madison rivers, the National Park Service designated these waters as Fly Fishing Only.[6] From one of the earliest accounts of fly fishing in Yellowstone: {{quotation|The Fire hole is a companionable river. Notwithstanding its forbidding name, it is pre-eminently a stream for the angler, and always does its best to put him at his ease. Like some hospitable manorial lord, it comes straight down the highway for a league to greet the stranger and to offer him the freedom of its estate. Every fisherman who goes much alone along streams will unconsciously associate certain human attributes with the qualities of the waters he fishes. It may be a quiet charm that lulls to rest, or a bold current that challenges his endurance and caution. Between these extremes there is all that infinite range of moods and fancies which find their counterpart in the emotions. The Firehole possesses many of these qualities in a high degree. It can be broad, sunny and genial, or whisper with a scarcely audible lisp over languid, trailing beds of conferva; and anon, lead you with tumultuous voice between rocky walls where a misstep would be disastrous.|Klahowya|Fly Fishing in Wonderland, 1910[9]}}In booksIn 2005, Raymond Keift published Firehole River Murder: Yellowstone Fly-Fishing Mystery Series, a story about a wealthy but obnoxious businessman who was murdered on the banks of the Firehole River in Yellowstone.[10] Gallery{{Gallery|title=Images of the Firehole River |footer= |width=170 |lines=4 |File:FireholeRiver1872.jpg|Firehole River upstream from Ojo Caliente bend, 1872 |File:FireholeRiverandMidwayGeyserBasin-1875.jpg|Firehole River at Midway Geyser Basin, 1875 |File:FireholeRiverExcelsoirGeyser1894.JPG|Firehole River, 1894[11] |File:ExcelsiorOverflowFireholeRiver1916.jpg|Excelsior Geyser runoff, 1916 |Image:Runoff from Excelsior Geyser to Firehole River at Midway Geyser Basin.jpg|Heavy runoff from Excelsior Geyser to Firehole River |Image:FireholeRiverFountainFlats0904.jpg|Fountain Flats on The Firehole in September |Image:Firehole river evening.jpg|Firehole River as the sun sets |Image:Mulesholebend.jpg|Muleshoe Bend, Firehole River, a famous fly fishing location |Image:FireholeRiverNearBiscuitBasinMeadows.jpg|Firehole River Just Downstream From Biscuit Basin Meadows |Image:FireholeRiverEnteringNationalParkMeadows.jpg|Firehole River As It Enters National Park Meadow |Image:FireholeriverBrown.jpg|Typical Firehole River Brown Trout taken on an olive Woolly Bugger at Muleshoe Bend. (Released) |Image:TypicalFireholeRiverRainbow.jpg|Rainbow Trout taken on a Partridge Soft Hackle near Ojo Caliente Bend (Released) |Image:OldGuyFlyFishingTheFirehole.jpg|A man fly fishing the Firehole near Ojo Caliente Bend |Image:SentinelCreekEntersFireholeRiver.jpg|Sentinel Creek enters the Firehole River at Fountain Flats |File:MeadowsBelowMidway-Firehole River.jpg|Meadows below Midway Geyser Basin |File:FireholeRiverOjoCalientiBend.jpg|Ojo Calienté Bend below 1st Iron Bridge on Fountain Flats Freight Road |File:Firehole River near Lone Star Geyser 20080812.jpg|Upper Firehole near Lone Star Geyser }}{{commons category|Firehole River}} See also
References1. ^1 {{Gnis|801119|Madison River}}, USGS GNIS 2. ^{{cite web | title=Firehole River | work=Yellowstone National Park | url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/nature/nhighlights/picpages/OFfirehole.htm | accessdate=2005-09-16 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Rubenstein |first=Paul |author2=Whittlesey, Lee H. |title=The Guide to Yellowstone Waterfalls and their Discovery |publisher=Big Earth Publishing |location=Neenah, WI |pages=33–37 |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-56579-351-4 }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein JN, Hubert WA, Woodward DF, Farag AM, Meyer JS | title=Naturalized salmonid populations occur in the presence of elevated trace element concentrations and temperatures in the Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. | journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry | volume=20 | issue=10 | year=2001 | pages=2342–52 | pmid=11596769 | doi=10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2342:NSPOIT>2.0.CO;2}} 5. ^{{cite web | title=Natural Highlights of the Old Faithful Area | work=Yellowstone National Park | url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/nature/nhighlights/noldfait.htm | accessdate=2005-09-16 }} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Charles E. |title=The Living River-A Fisherman's Intimate Profile of the Madison River Watershed—Its History, Ecology, Lore and Angling Opportunities |publisher=Nick Lyons Books |location=Garden City, NJ |pages=56–59 |year=1979 |isbn=0-385-15655-3 }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/ans_brochure.pdf|title=Stop Aquatic Nuisance Species |accessdate=2012-03-27}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Mathews |first=Craig |author2=Molinero, Clayton |title=The Yellowstone Fly-Fishing Guide-A authoritative guide to the waters of Yellowstone National Park |publisher=The Lyons Press |location=Guilford, CT |pages=123–155 |year=1997 |isbn=1-55821-545-X }} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Klahowya |title=Fly Fishing in Wonderland |publisher=O. P. Barnes |location=Chicago |year=1910 |page=45}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Keift |first=Raymond |title=Firehole River Murder: Yellowstone Fly-Fishing Mystery Series |year=2005 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Authorhouse |isbn=9781418464561 }} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Guptill |first=A. B. |title=The Yellowstone Park Guide |year=1894 |publisher=Frank Jay Haynes |location=St Paul, MN }} Further reading
4 : Rivers of Wyoming|Rivers of Yellowstone National Park|Tributaries of the Missouri River|Rivers of Teton County, Wyoming |
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