| 词条 | First Shearith Israel Graveyard |
| 释义 |
| name = First Shearith Israel Graveyard | nrhp_type = | image = First-Shearith-Israel-Graveyard.jpg | caption = | location = 55-57 Saint James Place, Manhattan, New York City, New York | coordinates = {{coord|40|42|45|N|73|59|54|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin =Lower Manhattan#New York#USA | built = {{Start date|1682}} | added = April 17, 1980 | area = Less than {{convert|1|acre}} | governing_body = Private | refnum = 80002689[1] | designated_other2_name = NYC Landmark | designated_other2_date = February 1, 1966 | designated_other2_abbr = NYCL | designated_other2_link = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission | designated_other2_number = | designated_other2_color = #FFE978 }}First Shearith Israel Graveyard — also known as Chatham Square Cemetery — is a tiny Jewish graveyard at 55-57 St James Place in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is the oldest of three Manhattan graveyards currently maintained by Congregation Shearith Israel (Hebrew, "Remnant of Israel"), which is itself the oldest Jewish congregation in North America.[2][3] (The Congregation was formed by Spanish and Portuguese Sephardic Jewish immigrants in 1654.) Today, the cemetery is a mere fragment of its original extent. Only about a hundred headstones and above ground tombs can still be seen in what remains of the old burial ground, which rises slightly above street level. It is the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.[4] HistoryIn a letter in 1776, a staff officer of General George Washington recommended emplacing an artillery battery "at the foot of the Jews' burying ground" to help secure Long Island Sound. American prisoners of war were buried en masse in entrenchments beyond the graveyard.[9] In 1823, a city ordinance prohibited burials south of Canal Street, compelling the congregation to rely on its second burial ground, consecrated in 1805 at West 11th Street in Greenwich Village.[10] (Notwithstanding this, a few more burials took place at Chatham Square up to 1833.) Much of this burden was alleviated in 1829, when Shearith Israel's third cemetery was consecrated at 21st Street just west of 6th Avenue.[3][11] Encroaching development and erosion necessitated several instances over the years in which the congregation was forced to reduce the size of the Chatham Square Cemetery and disinter bodies, which were moved to their three other graveyards. In 1851, city public health officials prohibited burial south of 86th Street and in partnership with other synagogues, the congregation purchased a large plot of land in Ridgewood, Queens as a fourth cemetery. The most notable of these instances was in 1855, when a large portion of the cemetery was seized by eminent domain. This accommodated expansion of the Bowery — including the cut-through of today's St. James Place — and some 256 graves were removed. Today, access to the cemetery is by appointment only. BurialsFrom 1656 until 1825, all of the practicing Jews of New York City belonged to the Shearith Israel congregation and were buried here, including 22 who fought in the Revolutionary War. Among the notable burials (which may include those whose bodies were later removed) were:
External links{{commonscat-inline|First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue Shearith Israel}}
| title = Chatham Square Cemetery | publisher = Shearith Israel | url = http://shearithisrael.org/content/chatham-square-cemetery | date = | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} References1. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}} 2. ^Dolkart, Andrew S. & Postal, Matthew A.; Guide to New York City Landmarks, 3rd Edition; New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004. {{ISBN|0-471-36900-4}}; p.41. 3. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = First Shearith Israel Cemetery | publisher = Mary French | url = https://nycemetery.wordpress.com/2010/12/01/first-shearith-israel-cemetery-chatham-square-cemetery/ | date = December 1, 2010 | accessdate = 25 April 2017}} 4. ^White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot; AIA Guide to New York City, 4th Edition; New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects; Crown Publishers/Random House. 2000. {{ISBN|0-8129-3106-8}}; {{ISBN|0-8129-3107-6}}. p.80. 5. ^{{cite book |last= Haswell |first= Charles Haynes |date= 1896 |title= Reminiscences of an Octogenarian of the City of New York (1816 to 1860)|publisher= Harper & Brothers |page= 211}} 6. ^{{cite web | title = Chatham Square Cemetery | publisher = Shearith Israel | url = http://shearithisrael.org/content/chatham-square-cemetery | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web | title = Cemeteries of Congregation Shearith Israel - The Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue | publisher = Foundation for the Study of Sephardic Studies and Culture | url = http://www.sephardicstudies.org/csi11.html | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web | title = The NYC Cemetery That Moved Four Times: The Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue Cemetery | publisher = Untapped Cities | url = http://untappedcities.com/2015/06/26/the-nyc-cemetery-that-moved-four-times-the-spanish-and-portuguese-synagogue-cemetery/ | date = 26 June 2015 | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} 9. ^{{cite book |last= Stone |first= William L. |date= 1876 |title= The Centennial History of New York City |publisher= R. D. Cooke |page= 148}} 10. ^{{cite web | title = West 11th Street Cemetery | publisher = Shearith Israel | url = http://shearithisrael.org/content/west-11th-street-cemetery | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web | title = Twenty-First Street Cemetery | publisher = Shearith Israel | url = http://shearithisrael.org/content/twenty-first-street-cemetery | accessdate = 27 December 2016}} Further reading
8 : Landmarks in Manhattan|Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan|1683 establishments in New York|Jews and Judaism in Manhattan|Jewish cemeteries in New York City|Cemeteries in Manhattan|Lower Manhattan|Sephardi Jewish culture in New York City |
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