| 词条 | Flat white |
| 释义 |
A flat white is a coffee drink consisting of espresso with microfoam (steamed milk with small, fine bubbles and a glossy or velvety consistency). It is comparable to a latte, but smaller in volume and with less microfoam, therefore having a higher proportion of coffee to milk, and milk that is more velvety in consistency – allowing the espresso to dominate the flavour, while being supported by the milk. DescriptionA flat white is generally served in a ceramic cup with saucer. Milk is frothed as it would be for a latte but held back to around 20 mm/1 inch of microfoam, creating a meniscus. Key to the beverage is the crema being coaxed into the meniscus resulting in a uniform dark brown colour across the top of the beverage. Allowing the beverage to stand before drinking enhances the experience as the meniscus thickens and adds texture to each sip, resulting in distinct sip rings/tide marks as the beverage is consumed.[1] According to a survey of industry commentators, a flat white has several defining characteristics, chief among which is a thin layer of velvety microfoam (hence the ‘flat’ in flat white), as opposed to the significantly thicker layer of foam in a traditional cappuccino.[2] OriginsThe earliest documented reference to the beverage dates back to Australia in the mid-1980s at Moors Espresso Bar in Sydney; Alan Preston added the beverage to his permanent menu in 1985.[3][4] Other documented references include cafes in Canberra putting up signs in January 1985 saying "flat white only" during a seasonal problem with milk cows that prevented the milk froth from forming.[5] However, the origins of the flat white are contentious, with New Zealand also claiming its invention.[6][7] The New Zealand claim originates in Auckland, New Zealand by Derek Townsend and Darrell Ahlers of Cafe DKD, as an alternative to the Italian latte,[1][8] and a second New Zealand claim originates from Wellington as a result of a "failed cappuccino" at Bar Bodega on Willis St in 1989.[9] Craig Miller, author of "Coffee Houses of Wellington 1939 to 1979", claims to have prepared a flat white in Auckland in the mid-1980s.[10] In the British film "Danger by my side" (1962), the detective is in a cafe. He is heard to order a 'flat white coffee', at 31 mins 58 secs into the film. Similar beveragesIt is essentially the opposite of a "dry cappuccino", which has dry frothy foam but no liquid milk. A flat white has milk (or microfoam) but no froth. The milk should be velvety rather than fluffy and therefore stronger, which requires a shorter, ristretto espresso shot to avoid harsh flavours.[11] The flat white is similar to an original Italian cappuccino, which is a single espresso with microfoam served in a {{convert|150|-|160|ml|impfloz|abbr=on}} cup.[12] The Spanish café con leche is similar, but uses scalded milk. In a flat white, the milk is steamed without frothing approximately to 54°C / 130°F. [13] Steaming the milk to this temperature retains the fats and proteins in the milk which retain a sweet flavour, lost when milk is steamed to scalding temperatures.[14] A café con leche also lacks the head of microfoam. The flat white and the latte are also similar, with some people incorrectly suggesting that the only difference between the two drinks is the vessel in which they are presented.{{cn|date=December 2018}} In Australia a flat white is served in a ceramic mug, usually of the same volume ({{convert|200|ml|impfloz|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) as a latte glass. However, some Australian cafés will top a latte with extra froth, while others may pour a flat white slightly shorter.[15] New Zealand flat whites are more commonly served in a tulip shaped cup ({{convert|165|ml|impfloz|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). In both Australia and New Zealand, there is a generally accepted difference between lattes and flat whites in the ratio of milk to coffee and the consistency of the milk due to the way the milk is heated. {{quote|A true flat white ought to have the same quantity of extracted coffee as any other beverage on the coffee menu (generally {{convert|30|ml|impfloz|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) but because it is served in a smaller vessel ({{convert|175|ml|impfloz|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) it has stronger flavour than say a latte which is normally served in a {{convert|225|ml|impfloz|abbr=on}} vessel and is subsequently milkier. The consistency of the milk is another point of difference between a flat white and a latte – a latte has a creamy, velvety layer of milk on the surface which can vary in depth depending on where you buy your coffee. A flat white has a thinner band of the textured milk, ideally with a shinier surface.|Tourism New Zealand[16]}}Outside Australia and New ZealandThe coffee style was exported to the United Kingdom by 2005, and by 2010 was being sold in Starbucks franchises there.[17] By 2013 the flat white was available in Australian cafés in New York City, with Hugh Jackman co-owning one of them and endorsing the product.[18] With the flat white becoming increasingly well known globally, very large coffee shop chains such as Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Caffè Nero and Pret a Manger added flat whites to their menus. Starbucks debuted the flat white in American stores on 6 January 2015.[19] Related termsIn the UK, the phrase flat white economy has been used to describe London's network of internet, media and creative businesses.[20][21] See also{{Portal|Coffee}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Greg|title=The birth of the cool|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10522700|accessdate=29 January 2013|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|date=22 July 2008}} {{coffee|nocat=1}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Flat White}}2. ^{{Cite web|title=What is a flat white? – Coffee Hunter|url=https://www.peterjthomson.com/coffee/what-is-a-flat-white/|accessdate=2013-02-10}} 3. ^{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=James|title=Australia and New Zealand culinary war in new front over flat white inventor|url=http://www.goodfood.com.au/good-food/drink/australia-and-new-zealand-culinary-war-in-new-front-over-flat-white-inventor-20150926-gjvjkz.html|accessdate=27 September 2015|work=goodfood.com.au|date=27 September 2015}} 4. ^{{Cite web|title = Australian food history timeline-Birth of the Flat White|url = http://meandmybigmouth.com.au/birth-of-flat-white/|website = Australian food history timeline|access-date = 2016-02-09|language = en-US}} 5. ^{{cite news|last1=Green|first1=Roger|title=Cows Frustrate ACT's Espresso Artists|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122477677|accessdate=26 September 2015|work=The Canberra Times|date=11 January 1985}} 6. ^{{cite news|last = Hunt|first = Tom|title = Kiwi claims flat white invention|url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/food-news/64886421/Kiwi-claims-flat-white-invention|accessdate = 17 April 2015|newspaper = The Dominion Post|date = 13 January 2015}} 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=James|title=Australia and New Zealand culinary war in new front over flat white inventor|url=http://www.goodfood.com.au/good-food/drink/australia-and-new-zealand-culinary-war-in-new-front-over-flat-white-inventor-20150926-gjvjkz.html|accessdate=27 September 2015|work=goodfood.com.au|date=27 September 2015}} 8. ^{{cite news|last = Macdonald|first = Laura|title = Baristas battle to claim flat white as their own|url = http://www.3news.co.nz/world/baristas-battle-to-claim-flat-white-as-their-own-2015011318|accessdate = 17 April 2015|newspaper = New Zealand Herald|date = 13 January 2015}} 9. ^{{cite news|last = Hunt|first = Tom|title = Kiwi claims flat white invention|url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/food-news/64886421/Kiwi-claims-flat-white-invention|accessdate = 17 April 2015|newspaper = The Dominion Post|date = 13 January 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news|last = Hunt|first = Tom|title = Kiwi claims flat white invention|url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/food-news/64886421/Kiwi-claims-flat-white-invention|accessdate = 17 April 2015|newspaper = The Dominion Post|date = 13 January 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web |last=Symons |first=Michael |title=Spilling the beans |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/6331521/Spilling-the-beans |publisher=Fairfax |accessdate=29 January 2013}} 12. ^{{Cite web |title=L'Espresso Italiano e il Cappuccino Italiano Certificati |url=http://espressoitaliano.org/doc/istituzionale_inei_lq_ita.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale Espresso Italiano |accessdate=2012-08-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071701/http://espressoitaliano.org/doc/istituzionale_inei_lq_ita.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cafebarista.ca/en/blogue/what-is-a-flat-white-coffee/|title=What is a flat white coffee? {{!}} Coffee, Tips and Tricks|date=2019-02-27|website=Barista|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-06}} 14. ^{{Cite web |title=Milk Frothing Guide – Hello Milk! |url=http://coffeegeek.com/guides/frothingguide/milk |publisher=CoffeeGeek.com |accessdate=2010-04-07 }} 15. ^{{Cite news |last=Carmody |first=Kathleen |title=Coffee culture |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/19/1082326139253.html |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 April 2004 |accessdate=2010-04-07}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=New Zealand's dedicated coffee culture |url=http://www.newzealand.com/travel/media/features/food-&-wine/food&wine_new-zealands-coffee-scene_feature.cfm |publisher=Tourism New Zealand |accessdate=29 January 2013 }} 17. ^{{cite news|last=Wallop|first=Harry|title=Starbucks to sell 'flat white' for those who are fed up with milky coffee|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6726711/Starbucks-to-sell-flat-white-for-those-fed-up-with-milky-coffee.html|accessdate=29 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=5 December 2009}} 18. ^{{cite news|last1=Jumpertz|first1=Caroline|title=New Yorkers finally warm to the humble Aussie flat white|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/executive-living/food-drink/new-yorkers-finally-warm-to-the-humble-aussie-flat-white/story-e6frg8jo-1226691039151?nk=056e92012b2a8d5812a375128bf91341|accessdate=2 January 2015|work=The Australian|date=5 August 2013}} 19. ^{{cite news|last=Frizell|first=Sam|title=Hipster Drink of Choice Gets Co-Opted by Starbucks|url=http://time.com/3652676/starbucks-flat-white/|accessdate=3 January 2015|newspaper=Time|date=2 January 2015}} 20. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/08/can-hipsters-save-the-world Can hipsters save the world"] theguardian.com 2015/March/08 21. ^{{cite news|title=Brexit could harm growth of ‘flat white economy’, report warns|url=https://business-reporter.co.uk/2017/04/05/brexit-harm-growth-flat-white-economy-report-warns/|accessdate=8 April 2018|work=Business Reporter|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 April 2017}} 3 : Coffee drinks|Australian drinks|Australian inventions |
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