| 词条 | Florence Cushman |
| 释义 |
Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the Henry Draper Catalogue. LifeFlorence was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1860 and received her early education at Charlestown High School, where she graduated in 1877. In 1888, she began work at the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering. Florence was one of the "Harvard Computers" who worked under Pickering and, following his death in 1919, Annie Jump Cannon.[1] Her classifications of stellar spectra contributed to Henry Draper Catalogue between 1918 and 1934.[2] She stayed as an astronomer at the Observatory until 1937 and died in 1940 at the age of 80.[3] Career at the Harvard College ObservatoryFlorence Cushman worked at the Harvard College Observatory from 1918 to 1937. Over the course of her nearly fifty-year career, she employed the objective prism method to analyze, classify, and catalog the optical spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars. In the 19th century, the photographic revolution enabled more detailed analysis of the night sky than had been possible with solely eye-based observations. In order to obtain optical spectra for measurement, male astronomers at the Harvard College Observatory expose glass plates on which the astronomical images were captured at night. During the daytime, female assistants like Florence analyzed the resultant spectra by reducing values, computing magnitudes, and cataloging their findings.[4] She is credited with determining the positions and magnitudes of the stars listed in the 1918 edition of the Henry Draper Catalogue,[5] which featured the spectra of roughly 222,000 stars. In describing the dedication and efficiency with which the Harvard Computers, including Florence, undertook this effort, Edward Pickering said, "a loss of one minute in the reduction of each estimate would delay the publication of the entire work by the equivalent of the time of one assistant for two years."[6] Related pagesHarvard College ObservatoryHarvard ComputersHenry Draper CatalogueExternal links
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/the-female-astronomers-who-captured-the-stars/|title=The Female Astronomers Who Captured the Stars|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cushman, Florence}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Spradley|first=Joseph|date=1990|title=Women in the Stars|url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1119/1.2343078|journal=American association of physics teachers|volume=|pages=|via=}} 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cushman, Florence|encyclopedia=Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|date=1986|edition=Reprinted|page=181|isbn=9780262650380}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://altbibl.io/gazette/computersatwork/|title=Computers at Work: Astronomical labor at the HCO at the turn of the century|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^Cannon, Annie J.; Pickering, Edward C. (1918) "The Henry Draper Catalogue". Annals of Harvard College Observatory.;hours 0 to 3, 91 (1918), Bibcode: 1918AnHar..91....1C;hours 4 to 6, 92 (1918), Bibcode: 1918AnHar..92....1C;hours 7 to 8, 93 (1919), Bibcode: 1919AnHar..93....1C;hours 9 to 11, 94 (1919), Bibcode: 1919AnHar..94....1C;hours 12 to 14, 95 (1920), Bibcode: 1920AnHar..95....1C;hours 15 to 16, 96 (1921), Bibcode: 1921AnHar..96....1C;hours 17 to 18, 97 (1922), Bibcode: 1922AnHar..97....1C;hours 19 to 20, 98 (1923), Bibcode: 1923AnHar..98....1C;hours 21 to 23, 99 (1924), Bibcode: 1924AnHar..99....1C. 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972263666|title=The Glass Universe : How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars|last=Dava,|first=Sobel,|isbn=0143111345|location=New York|oclc=972263666}} 6 : Women astronomers|American astronomers|1860 births|1940 deaths|People from Boston|Harvard Computers |
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