词条 | Flotte du Ponant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|unit_name=Flotte du Ponant |image=Le Port de Brest (une prise de la mâture)-Louis-Nicolas Van Blarenberghe mg 8233.jpg |image_size=300px |caption= The Brest Arsenal in 1776 By Louis-Nicolas Van Blarenberghe (1716 - 1794) |dates= 1669 – 1792 |country=Kingdom of France |branch= Royal French Navy |type= Naval fleet |role= Naval operations in the English Channel, Atlantic Ocean and Americas |size= |current_commander= |garrison= Arsenal of Brest, Le Havre, Rochefort, Lorient, Cherbourg and Brouage |ceremonial_chief= |ceremonial_chief_label= |colonel_of_the_regiment= |nickname= |motto= |march= |mascot= |battles=Franco-Dutch War Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years' War American War of Independence |notable_commanders= |anniversaries= |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label= |identification_symbol_2= |identification_symbol_2_label=Abbreviation }} The Flotte du Ponant was the designation under the Ancien Regime for the naval vessels of the Royal French Navy in the English Channel, Atlantic Ocean and Americas, the latter principally in the French West Indies and New France. The fleet carried out operations such as asserting naval supremacy and protecting convoys. Its counterpart was the Levant Fleet, based in the Mediterranean Sea. ArsenalsThe Flotte du Ponant was created by Cardinal Richelieu (A former Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom in 1629). The fleet initially had three principal bases: Le Havre, Arsenal of Brest and Hiers-Brouage. Under Louis XIV, the arsenal of Brest was the principal base, supported by the arsenals of Rochefort and Lorient. Under Louis XVI the military port of Cherbourg was developed, with some elements only were recently completed on the outbreak of the French Revolution. FlagshipsThe fleet flagship was the most powerful ship at Brest. A number of different ships served in this role during the fleet's existence:
Vice-admiralsThe first commander of what became the Flotte du Ponant was Aymar de Clermont-Chaste-Gessans, who was appointed Vice-admiral of Les Mers du Ponant. The command of the Levant and du Ponant fleets were entrusted on 12 November 1669 to two vice-admirals. The vice-admirals of the du Ponant fleet were:
Although Jean II d'Estrées commanded the fleet during the battles of the reign of Louis XIV, his successors were too old to have likely served at sea. The squadrons were confined during the 18th century to the {{ill|Lieutenant Generals of the Naval Armies|fr|lieutenants généraux des armées navales}}. The rank of Lieutenant-General of the Armies ({{lang-fr|Lieutenant-Général des Armées}}) or Lieutenant-General of the Naval Armies ({{lang-fr|Lieutenant-Général des Armées Navales}}) for the French Navy, was the highest rank in the military hierarchy of the Ancien Regime, only accessible to the nobility. The rank was only surpassed by the Marshals of France, and the general colonels in the Army, and the Admirals of France and vice-admirals of France, for the French Navy, titled not as a military rank, but one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, a dignity both honorific and lucrative. The rank of lieutenant general was the equivalent of the actual rank of division general and that of Lieutenant-General of Naval Armies of the Vice-Amiral (Vice-Admiral) of France. The ranks of lieutenant-general of the armies were renamed as division general and vice-admiral in 1791. In 1814, the rank of division general was designated again as lieutenant general of the armies, before definitely being attributed the rank of general in 1848. Naval administrationNaval administration was under the authority of a Secretary of the State in 1626, the same year Cardinal Richelieu was designated as grand master of navigation. The two fleets were combined in 1642, then split in 1661. The two fleets were administered by Jean-Baptiste Colbert after 1662, during his tenure as intendant of finance and state minister, then secretary of State in 1669. A secretary of state held responsibility for the navy thereafter, until the French Revolution. The state secretary of the navy was the administrator responsible for the French royal naval fleet and the civilian naval component, the commercial trade fleet. The secretary therefore administered both naval fleets and merchant fleets, the naval bases, the diplomatic consulates, the colonies and the French East India Company. Other departments and bureaux were added to fleet administration over time.
These different bureaux and departments were regrouped in four grand directorates by Marshal Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix in 1786. During the French Revolution, the Flotte du Ponant was renamed the "Atlantic Squadron" (Escadre de l'Atlantique), and then the "Ocean Fleet" (Flotte de l'Océan). External links
1 : Navy of the Ancien Régime |
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