| 词条 | Cheboksary | |||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Cheboksary |ru_name=Чебоксары |loc_name1=Шупашкар |loc_lang1=Chuvash |image_skyline=Cheboksary Collage 01.png |image_caption=Left to right, top to bottom: A View of Red Square from Cheboksary Bay on Chuvash Republic Day; Hospital Square, Universitetskaya Street; Cheboksary Airport, Chapayev Monument on Chapayev Square; Chuvash State Agricultural Academy |coordinates={{coord|56|09|N|47|14|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=bottom |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Cheboksary (Chuvashia).svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Cheboksary.svg |flag_caption= |anthem=Anthem of Cheboksary |anthem_ref=[1][2] |holiday=Third Sunday of August |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=Chuvash Republic |federal_subject_ref=[3] |adm_data_as_of=July 2013 |adm_city_jur=city of republic significance of Cheboksary |adm_city_jur_ref=[3] |capital_of=Chuvash Republic |capital_of_ref=[3] |adm_ctr_of=city of republic significance of Cheboksary |adm_ctr_of_ref=[3] |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=[3] |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=November 2011 |urban_okrug_jur=Cheboksary Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=[8] |mun_admctr_of=Cheboksary Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=[8] |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=[3] |leader_name=Leonid Cherkesov |leader_name_ref=[4] |representative_body=City Assembly of Deputies |representative_body_ref=[3] |area_of_what=city |area_as_of=2012 |area_km2=250.9 |area_km2_ref=[13] |pop_2010census=453721 |pop_2010census_rank=39th |pop_2010census_ref=[5] |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest=468725 |pop_latest_date=January 2014 |pop_latest_ref=[6] |established_date=1469 |established_title=First mentioned |established_date_ref=[16] |current_cat_date=1781 |current_cat_date_ref=[16] |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes=428000–428006, 428008–428015, 428017–428025, 428027–428029,428031, 428032, 428034–428038, 428899, 428999, 996200 |dialing_codes=8352 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://gov.cap.ru/main.asp?govid=81 |website_ref= |date=April 2010 }} Cheboksary ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ɛ|b|ɒ|k|ˈ|s|æ|r|i|}}; {{lang-rus|Чебоксары|p=tɕɪbɐˈksarɨ}}; {{lang-cv|Шупашкар}}, Šupaškar) is the capital city of Chuvashia, Russia and a port on the Volga River. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=453,721|p2002=440,621|p1989=419,592}} GeographyThe city is located in the Volga Upland region and stands on the shore of the Cheboksary Reservoir. Its area is {{convert|250.9|km2|sp=us}}.[7] The satellite city of Novocheboksarsk is located about {{convert|6|km|sp=us}} east of Cheboksary. HistoryIt was first mentioned in written sources in 1469,[8] when Russian soldiers passed here on their way to the Khanate of Kazan.{{citation needed|date=April 2010}} According to archaeological excavations, however, the area had been populated considerably earlier. The site hosted a Bulgarian city of Veda Suvar, which appeared after Mongols defeated major Volga Bulgarian cities in the 13th century. During Khanate period the town is believed by some{{Who|date=May 2010}} to have had a Turkic (probably, Tatar{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}) name Çabaqsar and that the current Russian and English names originate from it. However, in maps by European travelers it was marked as Cibocar (Pizzigano, 1367), Veda-Suar (Fra Mauro, 1459). Shupashcar, the Chuvash name literally means the "fortress of the Chuvash". In 1555, the Russians built a fortress and established a settlement here. In 1625, there were 458 soldiers quartered in Cheboksary, and in 1646 there were 661 males living in the settlement. At the end of the 17th century, Cheboksary was regarded as a major commercial city of the Volga region, and in 1781 it was granted town status[8] within Kazan Governorate. In the beginning of the 19th century the population was about 5500, the town had a sawmill and several small manufactures. Cheboksary also was noted for its twenty-five churches and four monasteries, and Cheboksary bells were known in London and Paris{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}. In the 16th and the first half of the 17th century the Vvedensky cathedral, four monasteries and eighth churches had been built, in the 18th century the stone buildings of treasury and archive, magistracy, court, and ten churches. In 1880, here were counted 783 houses (33 of them from stone), 91 stores, 3 schools, 2 hospitals, and a bank. In the beginning of the 20th century, 5,100 people lived in Cheboksary. In 1965, the population was 163,000. Administrative and municipal statusCheboksary is the capital of the republic.[9] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two urban-type settlements (Novye Lapsary and Sosnovka) and two rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Cheboksary—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[9] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Cheboksary is incorporated as Cheboksary Urban Okrug.[10] City divisionsFor administrative purposes, Cheboksary is divided into three city districts: Kalininsky, Leninsky, and Moskovsky. DemographicsEthnic compositionThe population of Cheboksary consists mainly of the two following ethnic groups; the Chuvash (62%), and ethnic Russians (34%).[11] Mixed marriages are quite common. CultureLike many cities of Russia, Cheboksary possesses many cultural opportunities. There is an opera-ballet theater, a philharmonic orchestra, Chuvash State Puppet Theater and numerous theaters (showing productions in both Russian and Chuvash languages). However, a very popular gathering place for the locals is the recently completed zaliv (bay), beautifully situated in the middle of the city. There people gather to stroll, visit cafes, and socialize. Cheboksary also has beautiful boardwalks and beaches along the Volga River, where people swim in the summer. There are also a number of heated pools, health clubs, and museums (including the Chuvash National Museum and Russia's only beer museum).[25] Cheboksary hosted a language festival in 1996. SportCheboksary regularly hosts athletics meetings and racewalking events, including the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, the 2015 European Team Championships Super League, and the 2016 Russian athletics and masters athletics championships.[12] The 2016 IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships were moved from Cheboksary to Rome as part of IAAF sanctions against doping in Russia. EducationEducational institutions include the Chuvash State University, Chuvash State Agriculture Academy, the Chuvash State Pedagogical University, and the Cheboksary Cooperative Technical School.
EconomyCheboksary is located near a hydro-electric power station generating up to 1,404 MW, with a reservoir of {{convert|2274|km2|sp=us}}. Cheboksary is the location of the headquarters of the Concern Tractor Plants, Russia's leading machine building company and one of the largest heavy mechanical engineering companies in the world.[25][13] TransportationLocal public transportationPublic transportation within Cheboksary is among the best in Russia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} An extensive system of trolleybuses, autobuses, and minibuses covers the city, providing quick, convenient access to all parts of the city. For those who prefer taxis, there are several taxi agencies available, but the favorite means of transportation among locals are so-called "Gypsy" cabs. In Russia, anybody who owns a car is potentially a taxi. This can be a convenient way to get around but it is also potentially dangerous. Official taxis cost less than 6 dollars for travel between most points within the city.[14] RiverBecause the Volga River runs through Chuvashia, Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours that travel along the major cities up and down the Volga. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow, and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, it is possible to take cargo from Chuvash riverports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube river. However, the river is frozen from December to April.[14] AirThe Cheboksary Airport (IATA CSY, ICAO UWKS, international airport since 1995) receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Chuvashia Airlines was based at this airport until operations ceased in 2009. Cheboksary is located about a four-hour drive from Strigino International Airport near Nizhny Novgorod, which offers more flight connections. ClimateThe climate in the region is continental, and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. {{-}}{{Weather box|location=Cheboksary |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C=-9.4 |Feb high C=-7.4 |Mar high C=-1.5 |Apr high C=8.5 |May high C=18.4 |Jun high C=22.2 |Jul high C=24.2 |Aug high C=22.0 |Sep high C=15.5 |Oct high C=6.6 |Nov high C=-1.2 |Dec high C=-6.2 |year high C=7.6 |Jan low C=-16.4 |Feb low C=-14.1 |Mar low C=-8.5 |Apr low C=0.4 |May low C=7.7 |Jun low C=11.9 |Jul low C=14.4 |Aug low C=12.4 |Sep low C = 7.2 |Oct low C = 0.8 |Nov low C = -5.8 |Dec low C = -12.2 |year low C = -0.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 30 |Feb precipitation mm = 24 |Mar precipitation mm = 24 |Apr precipitation mm = 35 |May precipitation mm = 40 |Jun precipitation mm = 66 |Jul precipitation mm = 71 |Aug precipitation mm = 64 |Sep precipitation mm = 54 |Oct precipitation mm = 53 |Nov precipitation mm = 43 |Dec precipitation mm = 34 |year precipitation mm = 538 |source 1 = worldweather.org [15] |date=March 2011 }} GalleryTwin towns and sister cities{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Cheboksary is twinned with:
Also a partnership is shown with:
ReferencesNotes1. ^Charter of Cheboksary, Article 4 2. ^Decision #1525 3. ^1 Charter of Cheboksary, Article 23 4. ^Official website of Cheboksary. Leonid Ilyich Cherkesov, Head of the City of Cheboksary {{ru icon}} 5. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 6. ^Chuvash Republic Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность населения на 1 января 2014 года {{ru icon}} 7. ^1 Resolution #2083 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=510–512}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #28 10. ^1 2 Law #37 11. ^Национальный состав населения районов и городов Чувашской Республики по данным переписи населения 2002 года 12. ^{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/3f1006e47dec4458a448029cbb5b1464/despair-and-defiance-russian-athletes-react-doping-ban|title=Despair and defiance as Russian athletes react to doping ban |first1=Francesca |last1=Ebel |first2=Veronika |last2=Silchenko |date=19 June 2016|publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=18 October 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tplants.com/en/company/|title=Company Profile|publisher=Concern Tractor Plants|accessdate=2009-07-14}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Economic Overview of the Republic of Chuvashia|publisher=United States Peace Corps Business Development Volunteers in Chuvashia|author=Steven Brown and Olin Lagon|url=http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/0106Chuvashia.htm|date=June 2001|accessdate=2009-01-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050704084704/http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/0106Chuvashia.htm|archivedate=July 4, 2005|df=mdy-all}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.worldweather.org/107/c00989.htm | title = worldweather.org}} 16. ^Cheboksary will be soon twinned with Rundu Sources
|ru_entity=Чебоксарское городское Собрание депутатов |ru_type=Решение |ru_number=1525 |ru_date=24 декабря 2009 г. |ru_title=О гимне муниципального образования города Чебоксары — столицы Чувашской Республики |ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования |ru_published_in="Чебоксарские новости", №148–149 |ru_published_date=29 декабря 2009 г |ru_url= |en_entity=Cheboksary City Assembly of Deputies |en_type=Decision |en_number=1525 |en_date=December 24, 2009 |en_title=On the Anthem of the Municipal Formation of the City of Cheboksary—the Capital of the Chuvash Republic |en_effective_date=the day of the official publication |en_url= }}
|ru_entity=Администрация города Чебоксары Чувашской Республики |ru_type=Постановление |ru_number=2083 |ru_date=1 июля 2013 г. |ru_title=О социальном паспорте города Чебоксары за 2012 год |ru_effective_date= |ru_published_in="Вестник органов местного самоуправления города Чебоксары", №12 |ru_published_date=10 июля 2013 г |ru_url= |en_entity=Administration of the City of Cheboksary of the Chuvash Republic |en_type=Resolution |en_number=2083 |en_date=July 1, 2013 |en_title=On the 2012 Social Passport of the City of Cheboksary |en_effective_date= |en_url= }} External links{{Wikivoyage}}
3 : Cheboksary|Kazan Governorate|Populated places on the Volga |
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