| 词条 | Cheddar Man |
| 释义 |
Cheddar Man is a human male fossil found in Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England. The skeletal remains date to the Mesolithic (ca. 9100 BP) and it appears that he died a violent death. A large crater-like lesion just above the skull's right orbit suggests that the man may have also been suffering from a bone infection. Excavated in 1903, Cheddar Man is Britain’s oldest complete human skeleton. The remains are kept by the Natural History Museum in London in the new Human Evolution gallery.[1] Analysis of his nuclear DNA indicates that he was a typical member of the western European population at the time, probably with lactose intolerance, dark skin, blue eyes, and dark curly or wavy hair.[2] Nuclear DNA sequence dataNuclear DNA was extracted from the petrous part of the temporal bone by a team from the Natural History Museum in 2018.[3] The genetic markers suggested (based on their associations in modern populations whose phenotypes are known) that he probably had blue eyes, lactose intolerance, dark curly or wavy hair, and, less certainly,[3][4] dark to very dark skin.[2][5] These features are typical of the European population of the time, now known as West European Hunter-Gatherers. This population forms about 10%, on average, of the ancestry of Britons without a recent family history of immigration.[2]Genetic change since the Mesolithic{{Main|Genetic history of Europe}}Brown eyes, lactose tolerance, and light skin are common in the modern population of the area. These genes came from later immigration, most of it ultimately from two major waves, the first of Neolithic farmers from the Near East, another of Bronze Age pastoralists, most likely speakers of Indo-European languages, from the Pontic steppe.[2][6] The mitochondrial DNA of Cheddar Man was of haplogroup U5b1.[2] Some 65% of western European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers had haplogroup U5; today it is widely distributed, at lower frequencies, across western Eurasia and northern Africa. In 1996, Bryan Sykes of the University of Oxford first sequenced the mitochondrial DNA from one of Cheddar Man's molars.[7][8][9] There was no genetic link with the other skeletons from Gough's Cave, which are 5,000 years older than Cheddar Man. For much of this intervening period, the last glaciation of Europe had made the area unsuitable for human life. See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/visit/galleries-and-museum-map/human-evolution.html|title=Human Evolution |publisher= Natural History Museum|website=www.nhm.ac.uk|accessdate=17 November 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite biorxiv|first1=Selina|last1=Brace|first2=Yoan|last2=Diekmann|first3=Thomas J.|last3=Booth|first4=Zuzana|last4=Faltyskova|title=Population Replacement in Early Neolithic Britain|biorxiv=267443|date=18 February 2018|first5=Nadin|last5=Rohland|first6=Swapan|last6=Mallick|first7=Matthew|last7=Ferry|first8=Megan|last8=Michel|first9=Jonas|last9=Oppenheimer|first10=Nasreen|last10=Broomandkhoshbacht|first11=Kristin|last11=Stewardson|first12=Susan|last12=Walsh|first13=Manfred|last13=Kayser|first14=Rick|last14=Schulting|first15=Oliver E.|last15=Craig|first16=Alison|last16=Sheridan|first17=Mike Parker|last17=Pearson|first18=Chris|last18=Stringer|first19=David|last19=Reich|first20=Mark G.|last20=Thomas|first21=Ian|last21=Barnes}} 3. ^1 {{cite web | url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/2161867-ancient-dark-skinned-briton-cheddar-man-find-may-not-be-true/ | title= Ancient 'dark skinned' Cheddar man find may not be true | work=New Scientist |date= 21 February 2018 | accessdate= 22 May 2018}} 4. ^Walsh, S., Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K. et al. Hum Genet (2017) 136: 847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1808-5. Publisher Springer. Print ISSN 0340-6717 Online ISSN 1432-1203 5. ^{{cite web|accessdate=18 March 2018|title=Cheddar Man FAQ |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/origins-evolution-and-futures/human-adaptation-diet-disease/cheddar-man-faq.html|website=www.nhm.ac.uk}} 6. ^{{cite news|biorxiv=013433 |title= Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |first1= Wolfgang|last1=Haak|first2=Iosif|last2=Lazaridis|first3=Nick|last3=Patterson|first4=Nadin|last4=Rohland|first5=Swapan|last5=Mallick|first6=Bastien|last6=Llamas|first7=Guido|last7=Brandt|first8=Susanne|last8=Nordenfelt|first9=Eadaoin|last9=Harney|first10=Kristin|last10=Stewardson|first11=Qiaomei|last11=Fu|first12=Alissa|last12=Mittnik|first13=Eszter|last13=Bánffy|first14=Christos|last14=Economou|first15=Michael|last15=Francken|first16=Susanne|last16=Friederich|first17=Rafael Garrido |last17= Pena |first18= Fredrik |last18=Hallgren |first19= Valery |last19=Khartanovich |first20=Aleksandr |last20=Khokhlov|first21=Michael|last21=Kunst|first22=Pavel|last22=Kuznetsov|first23=Harald |last23=Meller |first24=Oleg |last24=Mochalov |first25= Vayacheslav |last25=Moiseyev |first26= Nicole |last26= Nicklisch |first27= Sandra L. |last27=Pichler |first28= Roberto |last28=Risch |first29=Manuel A. Rojo |last29= Guerra |first30=Christina |last30=Roth |first31=Anna |last31= Szécsényi-Nagy |first32= Joachim |last32=Wahl |first33= Matthias |last33= Meyer |first34=Johannes |last34=Krause |first35= Dorcas |last35=Brown |first36=David |last36= Anthony |first37=Alan |last37=Cooper |first38=Kurt Werner |last38= Alt |first39= David |last39=Reich |date=10 February 2015 |arxiv= 1502.02783 |bibcode= 2015Natur.522..207H |doi=10.1038/nature14317}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bramanti|first1= B|last2= Thomas |first2=MG|last3= Haak |first3=W |title=Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5949 |pages=137–40 |date= October 2009 |pmid=19729620 |doi=10.1126/science.1176869|bibcode=2009Sci...326..137B}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=H|last2= Gilbert|first2= MT|last3= Thomas |first3=MG |title=Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=1758–62 |date= November 2009 |pmid=19781941 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017}} 9. ^Sykes, Bryan, Blood of the Isles (Bantam, 2006) pp. 5–12 External links{{commonscat|Cheddar Man}}
5 : History of Somerset|Mendip Hills|Mesolithic Homo sapiens fossils|Stone Age Britain|1903 archaeological discoveries |
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