“Chelidonium majus”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chelidonium majus, (commonly known as greater celandine, nipplewort,^[3] swallowwort,^[3] or tetterwort,^[4] which also refers to Sanguinaria canadensis) is a herbaceous perennial plant, one of two species in the genus Chelidonium. It is native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.

While the greater celandine belongs to the poppy family, the lesser celandine belongs to the buttercup family.

Description

Greater celandine is a perennial herb with an erect habit, and reaches {{convert|30|-|120|cm|abbr=on}} high. The blue-grey^[6] leaves are pinnate (feather-like) with lobed and wavy margins, up to {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} long. When injured, the plant exudes a yellow to orange latex, or sap.^[6]

The flowers consist of four yellow petals, each about {{convert|18|mm|abbr=on}} long, with two sepals. A double-flowered variety occurs naturally. The flowers appear from late spring to summer, May to September (in UK),^[5] in umbelliform cymes of about 4 flowers.

The seeds are small and black, borne in a long, cylindrical capsule. Each has an elaiosome, which attracts ants to disperse the seeds (myrmecochory).^[5]

Taxonomy and naming

The greater celandine is one of the many species described by the father of taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus, in volume one of his Species Plantarum in 1753.^[6] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, celandine comes from Late Latin celidonia, from earlier Latin chelidonia or chelidonium, and ultimately from Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|χελιδόνιον}}, from {{lang|grc|χελιδών}} (chelidṓn) "swallow". Ancient writers said that the flower bloomed when the swallows returned and faded when they left.^[7]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of Western Asia.^[3]

Range

It is found in North Africa, within Macaronesia, Madeira Islands, Canary Islands, Algeria and Morocco. Within Western Asia it is found in the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Siberia, Iran and Turkey. In eastern Europe, it is found within Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland and Slovakia. In northern Europe, in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. In southeastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania and Slovenia.

Ecology

It is considered an aggressive invasive plant in parts of North America, and an invasive plant in other areas. In Wisconsin, for example, it is a restricted plant.^[8]^[9] Control is obtained mainly via pulling or spraying the plant before seed dispersal.

Pharmacology

The whole plant is toxic in moderate doses as it contains a range of isoquinoline alkaloids; use in herbal medicine requires the correct dose.^[10] The main alkaloid present in the herb and root is coptisine. Other alkaloids present include methyl 2'-(7,8-dihydrosanguinarine-8-yl)acetate, allocryptopine,^[11] stylopine, protopine, norchelidonine, berberine, chelidonine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine,^[12] and 8-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine.^[13] Sanguinarine is particularly toxic with an {{LD50}} of 18 mg per kg body weight (IP in rats).^[14] Caffeic acid derivatives, such as caffeoylmalic acid, are also present.^[15]

The effect of the fresh herb is as a mild analgesic, cholagogic, antimicrobial, oncostatic, and central nervous system sedative.^[16]

The characteristic latex also contains proteolytic enzymes and the phytocystatin chelidostatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor.^[17]

Herbalism

The aerial parts and roots of greater celandine are used in herbalism. The above-ground parts are gathered during the flowering season and dried at high temperatures. The root is harvested in autumn between August and October and dried. The fresh rhizome is also used. Celandine has a hot and bitter taste. Preparations are made from alcoholic and hot aqueous extractions (tea). The related plant bloodroot has similar chemical composition and uses as greater celandine.

As far back as Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides (1st century CE) this herb has been recognized as a useful detoxifying agent. The root has been chewed to relieve toothache.^[20] John Gerard's Herball (1597) states that "the juice of the herbe is good to sharpen the sight, for it cleanseth and consumeth away slimie things that cleave about the ball of the eye and hinder the sight and especially being boiled with honey in a brasen vessell."^[21]

It was formerly used by some Romani people as a foot refresher; modern herbalists use its purgative properties.^[22]

The modern herbalist Juliette de Baïracli Levy recommended greater celandine diluted with milk for the eyes and the latex for getting rid of warts.^[23] Chelidonium was a favourite herb of the French herbalist Maurice Mességué.

The Iroquois give an infusion of whole plant, another plant and milk to pigs that drool and have sudden movements.^[26]

References

1. ^{{ThePlantList |id=kew-2716702 |taxon=Chelidonium minus |authority=L. |access-date=2018-07-28}}
2. ^{{ThePlantList |id=kew-2716707 |taxon=Chelidonium majus subsp. grandiflorum |authority=(DC.) Printz |access-date=2018-07-28}}
3. ^¹²³{{GRIN | accessdate = 16 December 2017}}
4. ^{{cite journal |author=Hanzlik, P.J. |year=1920 |title=The pharmacology of chelidonin, a neglected alkaloid of chelidonium, or tetterwort |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=75 |issue=20 |pages=1324–1325 |doi=10.1001/jama.1920.02620460022007}}
5. ^¹²³{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=30 |publisher=Reader's Digest |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5}}
6. ^{{cite book | author=Linnaeus C | title=Species Plantarum| publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm | year=1753|chapter= Tomus I | page=505|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358524 |language=la}}
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50035272 | title=Swallow | work=Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition | year=1989 | publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Chapter NR 40 INVASIVE SPECIES IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROL|url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/nr/001/40.pdf|publisher=wisconsin.gov|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.eddmaps.org/ipane/ipanespecies/herbs/Chelidonium_majus.htm | title=Invasive Plant Atlas of New England | accessdate=2015-06-03}}
10. ^{{cite book |first=Joerg |last=Gruenwald |title=PDR for Herbal Medicines |publisher=Thomson PDR |location= |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-56363-361-4}}
11. ^Cahlikova L., Opletal L., Kurfurst M., Macakova K., Kulhankova A., Host'alkova A.,"Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae)." Natural Product Communications. 5 (11) (pp 1751–1754), 2010. Date of Publication: 2010.
12. ^Li X.-L., Yao J.-Y., Zhou Z.-M., Shen J.-Y., Ru H.-S., Liu X.-L.,"Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius." Parasitology Research. 109 (1) (pp 247-252), July 2011
13. ^Park J.E., Cuong T.D., Hung T.M., Lee I., Na M., Kim J.C., Ryoo S., Lee J.H., Choi J.S., Woo M.H., Min B.S.,"Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (23) (pp 6960-6963), 2011. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2011.
14. ^{{cite book |last=Golob |first=Peter |author2=Caroline Moss |author3=Melanie Dales |author4=Alex Fidgen |author5=Jenny Evans |author6=Irene Gudrups |title=The use of spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2230e/x2230e00.htm |accessdate=2008-07-17 |series=FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin |volume=137 |year=1999 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |location=Rome |isbn=978-92-5-104294-6}}
15. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 17230338| year = 1993| last1 = Hahn| first1 = R.| title = Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives, Caffeoylmalic and New Caffeoylaldonic Acid Esters, from Chelidonium majus*,1| journal = Planta Medica| volume = 59| issue = 1| pages = 71–5| last2 = Nahrstedt| first2 = A.| doi = 10.1055/s-2006-959608}}
16. ^{{cite web | publisher = European Medicines Agency | title = Assessment report on Chelidonium majus L., herba | date = January 20, 2012 | url = http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2012/01/WC500120711.pdf}}
17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Rogelj | first1 = B. | year = 1998 | title = Chelidocystatin, a novel phytocystatin from Chelidonium majus| url = | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 49 | issue = 6| pages = 1645–9 | pmid = 9862139 | doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00281-7|display-authors=etal}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Celandine|publisher=American Cancer Society|date=August 2011|accessdate=September 2013|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/celandine}}
19. ^{{cite web | url = http://edzardernst.com/2012/10/a-telling-story-about-alternative-cancer-cures-and-their-purveyors/ | title = A telling story about "alternative" cancer cures and their purveyors | date = 14 October 2012 | accessdate = December 4, 2012 | author = Edzard Ernst}}
20. ^{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Chevallier |title=The encyclopedia of medicinal plants |publisher=DK Publishing |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7894-1067-2 |page=185}}
21. ^{{cite book|title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1|author=Grieve, Maud|year=1971}}
22. ^{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Michael |title=Traditional Folk Remedies |series=Century Paperbacks |date=1987-05-21 |publisher=Ebury Press |isbn=978-0-7126-1731-4 |pages=146–147}}
23. ^Bailes M., "The Healing Garden", {{ISBN|978-0-7318-0753-6}}
24. ^{{cite journal |author1=Gabsik Yang |author2=Kyungjin Lee |author3=Mi-Hwa Lee |author4=So-Hyung Kim |author5=In-Hye Ham |author6=Ho-Young Choi |year=2011 |title=Inhibitory effects of Chelidonium majus extract on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=398–403 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.028 |pmid=21963561}}
25. ^{{cite journal |author1=Gabriela Mazzanti |author2=Antonella di Sotto |author3=Antonio Franchitto |author4=Caterina Loredana Mammola |author5=Paola Mariani |author6=Sabina Mastrangelo |author7=Francesca Menniti-Ippolito |author8=Annabella Vitalone |year=2009 |title=Chelidonium majus is not hepatotoxic in Wistar rats, in a 4 weeks feeding experiment |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=518–524 |pmid=19761826 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.004}}
26. ^Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 45)