| 词条 | Forest protection |
| 释义 |
Forest protection is a branch of forestry which is concerned with the preservation or improvement of a forest and prevention and control of damage to forest by natural or man made causes. (example - fire, animals, insect, fungi, injurious plants and adverse climatic conditions.) This forest protection also has a legal status and rather than protection from only people damaging the forests is seen to be broader and include forest pathology too. Thus due to this the different emphases around the world paradoxically suggest different things for forest protection. In German-speaking countries, forest protection would focus on the biotic and abiotic factors that are non-crime related. A protected forest is not the same as a protection forest. These terms can lead to some confusion in English, although they are clearer in other languages. As a result, reading English literature can be problematic for non-experts due to localization and conflation of meanings. The types of man-induced abuse that forest protection seeks to prevent include:
There is considerable debate over the effectiveness of forest protection methods. Enforcement of laws regarding purchased forest land is weak or non-existent in most parts of the world. In the increasingly dangerous South America, home of major rainforests, officials of the Brazilian National Agency for the Environment (IBAMA) have recently been shot during their routine duties.[1] Land purchaseOne simple type of forest protection is the purchasing of land in order to secure it, or in order to plant trees (afforestation). It can also mean forest management or the designation of areas such as natural reservoirs which are intended to be left to themselves.[2] However, merely purchasing a piece of land does not prevent it from being used by others for poaching and illegal logging. On site monitoringA better way to protect a forest, particularly old growth forests in remote areas, is to obtain a part of it and to live on and monitor the purchased land. Even in the United States, these measures sometimes don't suffice because arson can burn a forest to the ground, leaving burnt areas free for different use.[3] Another issue about living on purchased forest-land is that there may not be a suitable site for a standard home without clearing land, which defies the purpose of protection. Alternatives include building a treehouse or an earthhouse. This is being done currently by indigenous people in South America to protect large reservoirs. In former times, North American Native Americans used to live in tipies or mandan earthhouses, which also require less land. An undertaking to develop modern treehouses is being taken by a company from Germany called "TrueSchool treehouses". Methods of protectionA number of less successful methods of forest protection have been tried, such as the trade in certified wood. Protecting a small section of land in a larger forest may also have limited value. For example, tropical rainforests can die if they decrease in size, since they are dependent on the moist microclimate which they create. There is an excellent article in National Geographic October issue concerning redwood forest in California and their effort to maintain forest and rainforest.[4] A compromise is to conduct agriculture and stock farming, or sustainable wood management. This ascribes different values to forest land and farmland, for which many areas are clear felled. 'Neighborhood leakage'Two conflicting studies on the idea that protecting forests only relocates deforestation. This is called neighborhood leakage. According to the paradox of forest protection protected areas such as rural settlements near protected zones grew at twice the rate of those elsewhere. The IUCN implements such protocols that protect over 670 eco-regions. 46% of the eco-regions had less than 10% forest protection. Which means that these areas are not being monitored as they should and the protection is not working. Considering forest protection within global priority areas was unsatisfactory. An example given was that the average protection of 8.4% in biodiversity hotspots. Results have policy relevance in terms of the target of the Convention on Biological Diversity, reconfirmed in 2008, to conserve in an effective manner that “at least 10% of each of the world’s forest types”.[5] Urban forestsA recent discovery in Europe relating to forest protection is that urban areas have forests of their own. Many cities have tens of thousands of trees which constitute forests. In addition the air in the cities is lately becoming better, providing conditions favorable for small associated species such as mosses and lichens. See also{{Portal|Forestry|Sustainable Development|Environment|Ecology}}{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
References1. ^{{Cite journal| last = Schmitt | first = C. | last2 = Burgess | first2 = N. | title = Global analysis of the protection status of the world's forests | journal = Biological Conservation | year = 2009 | volume = 142 | issue = 10 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.012 }} 2. ^{{cite book |author=Lund, H. Gyde|title=Definitions of Forest, Deforestation, Afforestation, and Reforestation |year=2006 |publisher=Forest Information Services |location=Gainesville, VA }} 3. ^{{Cite journal | title = Forest Protection Paradox. | journal = New Scientist | volume = 202 | pages = 75–83|date=October 2009}} 4. ^{{Cite journal| last = Allen| first = CD | last2 = Savage| first2 = M| title = Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosapine ecosystems: A broad perspective| publisher = Ecological Applications| year = 2002| volume = 12 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }} 5. ^{{Cite journal | title = FSM 2000-National forest resourcemanagement | journal = USDA Forest Service | date = October 2008 | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/fsm/2000/id 2020-2008-Ldoc}} External links
1 : Forest conservation |
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