词条 | Formula Super Vee | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Initially it was seen as a simple step up from Formula Vee, using the same type 3 air-cooled VW engines, but in 1600cc. However it soon transformed to using the very different and more powerful fuel injected water-cooled engines from the VW Golf/Rabbit.[1][2] HistoryTo assist the launch of the new formula Volkswagen of America's, Jo Hopen, commissioned Gene Beach, an established constructor of Formula Vee cars, to design and build the first Super Vee and put this car on display at the Daytona 24 hour race.[4][7] Beach was one of the first three constructors of Formula Vees, along with Autodynamics and Formcar.[5] It is therefore appropriate that a Super Vee designed and built by Ray Caldwell’s Autodynamics concern soon joined the Beach Super Vee. This second Super Vee (the Caldwell D-10) was put on display at the New York Auto Show.[6][7] Other manufacturers soon followed suit, with Formula Vee constructors such as Zink Cars joined by more mainstream firms such as Lola.[8][9] John Zeitler also built his first cars around the same time as Beach and Caldwell. As a matter of fact, John Zeitler won the very first Super Vee race at Lime Rock Park in 1970.[10] This race was run with the Formula Ford class. Initially the series allowed 1600cc air-cooled engines of either type 3 (as used in the VW 1500 and 1600) or type 4 (as used in the VW 411, 412 and the VW-Porsche 914/4 sports car), however at a late stage VW had a change of heart and decided that the type 4 engines would be a better option. The type 4 engine is without doubt a better engine. However, this motor was never produced in a 1600cc version so VW decided to produce a "special" 1600cc version through their industrial engines division (the 127V unit), with smaller pistons and barrels, which reduced the capacity to 1600cc.[11][12] As with any formula, Formula Super Vee progressed through a number of changes during its life. Initially, for example, the cars ran without wings and used drum brakes at the rear. Later the regulations allowed the use of 8-inch rear wheels, rear disc brakes and 34 mm exhaust valves (1973) and then rear wings (1975). Since slick tyres had yet to be introduced into racing, the cars ran with treaded racing tyres, such as the Firestone "No-DOT", but later moved onto slicks.[13][14] The original regulations specified a non-Hewland gearbox and cars ran with fixed ratio VW boxes.[13] In Europe a company called Metso began building Hewland-like boxes which provided the ability to change ratios to suit each circuit and exploited the wording of the regulations, which had simply banned Hewland boxes rather than explicitly specifying the fixed ratio VW box. Once the cars started to use Metso boxes the regulations were changed and Hewland Gearboxes were also allowed.[15] This change, combined with start money being offered by Hewland to drivers using its products, effectively put Metso out of business, although the company did build boxes for other formula cars such as Formula Fords.[16] Much later, engine regulations were also opened up, allowing fuel injected water-cooled engines from the Volkswagen Golf (or Rabbit as the Mk1 was known in North America). The water-cooled engines inevitably replaced the air-cooled, which were rendered uncompetitive, and many air-cooled cars were converted to accept the water-cooled engine. Some constructors, such as Lola, offered "conversion kits" which allowed the fitment of the Golf/Rabbit engine to earlier air-cooled chassis. The SCCA in the USA did allow 1700cc air-cooled engines towards the end of the air-cooled period, to remain competitive while the water-cooled cars joined the grid. Ultimately the most developed version of Super Vee was to be found in the USA, since they continued with a Super Vee series years after the formula had died away elsewhere. Indeed, by late 70s Super Vee in the USA had become the feeder formula for Indy cars, referred to as the "Mini-Indy" series. This series was run in conjunction with the much older VW-Bosch "Gold Cup" for Super V. This series lasted until 1990 and, unlike the oval track USAC Mini Indy Series, was a road racing series. Each series crowned its own champion each year. In the late 70s the Ron Tauranac designed the Ralt RT1 and RT5, based on his Formula 3 designs, had a virtual monopoly in the USA series. The original Formula Super Vee series specifications
ChampionsSCCA Super Vee Gold Cup (professional) (USA)
USAC Mini-Indy (professional) (USA)
1Bagley and Johnson tied in the points and were declared co-champions. Formel Super Vau GTX (Germany)/German Formula Super Vee Championship
Formula Super Vau Gold Pokal (Europe)/European Formula Super Vee Championship
References1. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Rainer |title=Royal Test Drive, Premiere In Front Of 100,000 Fans |url=https://volkswagen-motorsport.com/index.php?id=2288&L=1 |website=Volkswagen-Born To Be V |publisher=Volkswagen Motorsport |accessdate=24 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124015627/https://volkswagen-motorsport.com/index.php?id=2288&L=1 |archivedate=24 January 2019}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |title=Engineered For Speed |url=https://www.formulasupervee.com |website=Formula Super Vee |publisher=Formula Super Vee |accessdate=24 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124021650/https://www.formulasupervee.com/ |archivedate=24 January 2019}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Lola Super Vee |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1977/50/lola-supervee |website=MotorSport Magazine |publisher=MotorSport Archive |accessdate=24 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124023728/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1977/50/lola-supervee |archivedate=24 January 2019 |quote=SuperVee, which amounted to building a much more recognisable racing car, without the inclusion of so many standard VW parts, had its first Championship year in 1971, both America and Europe organising lucrative series with VW backing.}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Gene Beach - Passion Meets Performance |url=https://www.beachracingcars.com/gene-beach/ |website=Beach Racing Cars |publisher=Beach Racing Cars |accessdate=27 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127173525/https://www.beachracingcars.com/gene-beach/ |archivedate=27 January 2019 |quote=...when Volkswagen of America's Jo Hoppen wanted to created a new, faster class, he tapped Gene to design a car for what would become Formula Super Vee. Gene's prototype was used as the basis for FSV class in America, and later went to Europe.}} 5. ^{{cite web |last1=Bixler |first1=Alice |title=America's Race Car Builders: Beach Cars |url=http://www.virhistory.com/beach/beach/mag/rt66.htm |website=virhistory.com |publisher=Road & Track |accessdate=27 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127175945/http://www.virhistory.com/beach/beach/mag/rt66.htm |archivedate=27 January 2019 |quote=As Formula Vee caught on, it spurred the imaginations of other car constructors, Autodynamics and Gene Beach were the neat to follow Formcar into the Vee business}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=Autodynamics |url=http://www.simplesevens.org/dsk/history/dsk05.htm |website=DSK Cars |publisher=DSK Cars |accessdate=27 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127181341/http://www.simplesevens.org/dsk/history/dsk05.htm |archivedate=27 January 2019}} 7. ^{{cite web |last1=Kaplan |first1=David |title=The Dynamics of Autodynamics |url=http://www.bimelliott.com/files/SportsCarDec72-1.pdf |website=Bimelliott |publisher=Sports Car |accessdate=27 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127183058/http://www.bimelliott.com/files/SportsCarDec72-1.pdf |archivedate=27 January 2019 |location=PDF |pages=10 - 15 |format=magazine |date=December 1972}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Vaughan |first1=Daniel |title=1977 Zink Z10 |url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z18580/zink-z10.aspx |website=Conceptcarz |publisher=Conceptcarz |accessdate=28 January 2019 |quote=In 1969, Zink began producing the Z-9. The Super Vee series had been announced and Zink decided to build a racer for competition.}} 9. ^{{cite web |last1=Starkey |first1=John |title=Lola: The illustrated History 1957 to 1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URcnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&lpg=PT270&dq=Lola+Super+vees&source=bl&ots=h-BkrcdRv5&sig=ACfU3U1TLfRLQXwOfddx8RvjjVXw_hF79g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD293ThZHgAhWKCnwKHQWfD2o4ChDoATADegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Lola%20Super%20vee&f=false |website=Google Books |publisher=Veloce Classic |accessdate=28 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128180616/https://books.google.com/books?id=URcnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&lpg=PT270&dq=Lola+Super+vees&source=bl&ots=h-BkrcdRv5&sig=ACfU3U1TLfRLQXwOfddx8RvjjVXw_hF79g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD293ThZHgAhWKCnwKHQWfD2o4ChDoATADegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Lola%20Super%20vees&f=false |archivedate=28 January 2019 |quote=The Formula Super Vee T250, mainly designed by John Barnard, was first seen in January 1971 alongside the T240 and T222 at the Racing Show.}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |title=Series 1 (1969 - 1973) |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128185518/https://www.formulasupervee.com/series-1.html |website=Formula Super Vee |publisher=Formula Super Vee |accessdate=28 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128185518/https://www.formulasupervee.com/series-1.html |archivedate=28 January 2019}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=The Formula Vee. Since 1963 |url=https://volkswagen-motorsport.com/index.php?id=2283&L=1 |website=Volkswagen-Motorsports |publisher=Volkswagen |accessdate=1 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201030535/https://volkswagen-motorsport.com/index.php?id=2283&L=1 |archivedate=1 February 2019 |quote=Formula Super Vee was launched in 1971. The Volkswagen engines boasted displacement of 1.6 litres and initially delivered up to around 120 hp. Here, too, engine performance improved rapidly and hit the 150 hp mark after just a few years, eventually even rising to almost 200 hp.}} 12. ^{{cite web |last1=Ernst |first1=Kurt |title=Volkswagen Formula Vee series celebrates 50th anniversary |url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/03/25/volkswagen-formula-vee-series-celebrates-50th-anniversary/ |website=Hemmings Daily |publisher=Hemmings |accessdate=1 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201032221/https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/03/25/volkswagen-formula-vee-series-celebrates-50th-anniversary/ |archivedate=1 February 2019 |quote=In 1970, a faster class of Formula Vee, dubbed Formula Super Vee, was introduced. Super Vee used larger displacement four-cylinder engines (1.6-liters, versus 1.2 liters in Formula Vee), permitted liquid cooling, allowed the use of dual carburetors, and was less restrictive about changes to cylinder heads and cams.}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |title=Formula Super Vee 1600 1973 |url=https://historicdb.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulations/1467902414/1973_formula_super_vee_1600_def.pdf |website=FIA Historic Database |publisher=FIA |accessdate=30 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130002640/https://historicdb.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulations/1467902414/1973_formula_super_vee_1600_def.pdf |archivedate=30 January 2019}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Formula Super Vee 1600 1975 |url=https://historicdb.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulations/1467903210/1975_formula_super_vee_1600_def.pdf |website=FIA Historic Database |publisher=FIA |accessdate=30 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130003805/https://historicdb.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulations/1467903210/1975_formula_super_vee_1600_def.pdf |archivedate=30 January 2019}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Lola Super Vee |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1977/50/lola-supervee |website=Motor Sport Archive |publisher=Motor Sport Magazine Limited |accessdate=14 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214192101/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1977/50/lola-supervee |archivedate=14 February 2019 |page=50 |quote=The gearbox is a Mk 8 Hewland, which means four forward gears, reverse, no synchromesh, a normal H change pattern and VW casing.}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=A Real Factory |url=http://www.eldenracing.com/history/a-real-factory/ |website=Elden Racing Cars |publisher=Elden Racing cars |accessdate=14 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214193853/http://www.eldenracing.com/history/a-real-factory/ |archivedate=14 February 2019}} External links
3 : Racing formulas|Sports Car Club of America|One-make series |
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