| 词条 | Fort Stevens (Washington, D.C.) |
| 释义 |
| name = Fort Stevens | location = Washington, D.C. | image = Fort Stevens.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Ft. Stevens now includes several Civil War-era cannons. | map_type = United States District of Columbia street | coordinates = {{coord|38.96417|-77.02889|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline}} | map_alt = Location map of Washington, D.C. | map_caption = Location within Washington, D.C. | built = {{Start date|1861}} | builder = | materials =Earthwork | height = | used = | condition = | ownership =National Park Service | open_to_public = }} Fort Stevens, formerly named Fort Massachusetts, was part of the extensive fortifications built around Washington, D.C., during the American Civil War. LocationThe fort was constructed in 1861 as "Fort Massachusetts" and later enlarged by the Union Army and renamed "Fort Stevens" after Brig. Gen. Isaac Ingalls Stevens, who was killed at the Battle of Chantilly, Virginia, on September 1, 1862. In 1861, it had a perimeter of 168 yards and places for 10 cannon. In 1862, it was expanded to 375 yards and 19 guns.{{sfn|Cooling|Owen|p.156}} It guarded the northern approach to Washington, D.C., the Seventh Street Turnpike.{{sfn|Cooling|Owen|p.156}} By 1864 Fort Stevens was one part of a thirty-seven mile-long arrangement of fortifications, consisting of sixty-eight forts intended to defend the capital.[1] ConstructionThe fort was constructed as a part of a defensive ring around Washington. Following the Union defeat at Bull Run, Congress voted to augment the city's defenses, which consisted of a single fort (Fort Washington) twelve miles to the south on the Potomac. (Eventually, "68 forts, 93 batteries, 20 miles of rifle pits, and 32 miles of military roads surrounded the capital and Washington became the most heavily fortified city in the world.")[2] In September 1861 Union troops took possession of a property owned by a free black family Elizabeth Proctor Thomas and her siblings at the Seventh Street Turnpike, seeing it as "an ideal and necessary location for a fort."[2] The soldiers ultimately destroyed her home, barn, orchard, and garden to build what was then named Fort Massachusetts. Elizabeth Thomas would later often repeat the story that she was watching union soldiers with a baby in her arms weeping as they destroyed her house when "a tall, slender man dressed in black approached her and said, 'It is hard, but you shall reap a great reward.'"[2] Many listening to her story held that the man was President Abraham Lincoln. Thomas would have to fight for compensation for damage and loss of her property and was eventually awarded $1,835 in 1916, a year before her death.[2] Civil War{{main|Battle of Fort Stevens}}After being delayed by the Battle of Monocacy, Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's Confederate forces advanced on Washington, D.C. The cavalry attacked Fort Stevens in the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11 and July 12, 1864.[3] They were delayed stealing horses in Damascus, Maryland, and staying overnight near Rockville,[4] In response, Major General George Thomas ordered the District of Columbia Militia into the service of the Union army.[8] On July 11, Confederate sharpshooters successfully shot two of the fort's soldiers, but Union soldiers pushed the Confederate soldiers back to a point {{convert|300|yards|m}} from the fort.[5] The Confederate Army used the house of a nearby resident, Francis Preston Blair, as a headquarters[6] and a makeshift hospital for their wounded.[5] The livestock of several nearby farmers was captured by the Confederate Army.[5] By the evening of July 11, pedestrians lined nearby Seventh Street to watch the fighting.[5] Secretary of State William Seward watched from a carriage.[5] The Union Army destroyed five nearby houses in order to prevent them being occupied by Confederate sharpshooters; the Union Army allowed the homeowners to remove their furniture before destroying the houses.[5] Despite this, Confederate sharpshooters occupied another home, of Mr. Lay, just west of the fort, and fired shots at Union soldiers from there.[16] Union soldiers responded by firing at the cupola of the house, which caused the Confederate sharpshooters to retreat from it.[5] The house was later burned to the ground.[16] Confederate sharpshooters also fired from Morrison's orchard nearby.[6] Overnight July 12, the Confederate soldiers retreated from the fort.[7] Confederate soldiers were seen crossing the Potomac River from Poolesville, Maryland, to Virginia.[8] They left behind 101 wounded soldiers, including 11 officers.[7] The total number of Confederate casualties was unknown; the number of Union soldiers killed, wounded, and missing was approximately fifty in number.[5] According to many accounts, President Abraham Lincoln rode out to the fort on both days to observe the attack, and was briefly under enemy fire by sharpshooters. On July 12, he was brusquely ordered to take cover, mostly likely by Union Maj. Gen. Horatio Wright.[3] A story has grown up, probably apocryphal, that future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., then an aide-de-camp to Wright, yelled at Lincoln, "Get down, you fool!"[9] Another story attributes this quote to nearby resident Elizabeth Thomas.[10] This is believed to have been only the second time in American history that a sitting president came under enemy fire during a war (the first being President James Madison during the War of 1812). An article published by The Evening Star on July 13 noted, however, that "President Lincoln and Mrs. Lincoln passed along the line of the city defences in a carriage last night, and were warmly greeted by the soldiers wherever they made their appearance amongst them."[7] The article makes no mention of Lincoln coming under fire.[7] Present dayThe site was abandoned after the war. Cass White formed the Fort Stevens Lincoln Memorial Association. A stone memorial was dedicated on November 7, 1911.{{sfn|Cooling|Owen|p.161}} In the late 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps restored a portion of the parapet and one magazine.{{sfn|Cooling II|1988|pages = 156|Owen II}} The site, near Georgia Avenue at 13th Street and Quackenbos Street NW, is now maintained by the National Park Service. The remains of 41 Union soldiers who died in the Battle of Fort Stevens are buried on the grounds of nearby Battleground National Cemetery. Further up Georgia Ave, a monument to seventeen unknown Confederate Soldiers was erected in Grace Episcopal Church Cemetery, in Silver Spring, MD. The seventeen soldiers, who died at Fort Stevens, are buried in that cemetery.[11] See also
Notes1. ^{{Cite book|title = Desperate Engagement: How a Little-Known Civil War Battle Saved Washington, D.C., and Changed American History|last = Leepson|first = Marc|publisher = Thomas Dunne Books: St. Martin's Press|year = 2007|isbn = 0-312-36364-8|location = New York|pages = 148}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Elizabeth Proctor Thomas|url=http://www.nps.gov/cultural_landscapes/People-Thomas.html|publisher=National Park Service}} 3. ^1 {{cite news |title=Lincoln Under Fire |agency=Associated Literary Press |publisher=The Pittsburgh Gazette Times, via Google News |date=July 12, 1914 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dpxSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4385,849026&dq=fort-stevens+brightwood&hl=en }} 4. ^{{cite news |title= The Rebels Appear at Rockville in Some Force |work= The Evening Star |date= July 11, 1864 |page= 4 |url= http://phw02.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/ra_13DAD1F141855BC8_1_6.pdf }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news |title= The Invasion |work= The Evening Star |date= July 12, 1864 |page= 2 |url= http://phw02.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_007092014_1237_23212_524.pdf }} 6. ^1 {{cite news |title= Yet Later |work= The Evening Star |date= July 12, 1864 |page= 2 |url= http://phw02.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_007092014_1237_23212_524.pdf }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |title= The Invasion |work= The Evening Star |date= July 13, 1864 |page= 2 |url= http://phw01.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_007092014_1244_43935_761.pdf }} 8. ^{{cite news |title= Late and Important |work= The Evening Star |date= July 13, 1864 |page= 2 |url= http://phw01.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_007092014_1244_43935_761.pdf }} 9. ^Cramer, John Henry. Lincoln Under Enemy Fire: The Complete Account of His Experiences During Early's Attack on Washington. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948. 10. ^{{cite news |title=The Only Woman Who Called President Lincoln A Fool |work=The Afro American |date=August 30, 1952 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uOklAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ffYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3002,632358&dq=fort-stevens+brightwood&hl=en }} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018100/018104/pdf/msa_se5_18104.pdf|title=Maryland Historical Trust: Grace Episcopal Church Cemetery/Confederate Monument|last=Hardy|first=John M.|date=1976|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=25 August 2017}} References
External links{{Commons category|Fort Stevens (Washington, D.C.)}}
7 : 1861 establishments in Washington, D.C.|Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.|Forts in the District of Columbia|History of the District of Columbia|Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.|American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places|Rock Creek Park |
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