词条 | Forward caste |
释义 |
}}Forward caste (referred as General Class) is a term used in India to denote social groups that do not qualify for reservation benefits and other affirmative action schemes operated by the government of India. Forward castes form about 25% per cent of the population, the number varying by region.[1][2] Those groups that qualify for reservation benefits are listed as Other Backward Castes or Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and they can take advantage of defined quotas amongst other benefits for education, special government schemes, government employment and political representation. The lists of general, Other Backward and Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes are compiled irrespective of religion.[3][4][5] The lists are subject to change from time to time, dependent upon social, educational and economic factors. However, although lists are produced for those groups entitled to take advantage of the quotas, there is no such list for the Forward caste group; if a person does not belong to any of the listed groups then that person is by default a member of a group classed as Forward caste.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Upper casteUpper caste may be a relative or an absolute term. It may refer to:
Economic and educational status{{As of|2007}}, forward castes had to compete only in the open category, as they are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced. At that time the reservation proportion stood at 50% in central-government educational institutions and central-government jobs. However, in certain states, such as Tamil Nadu, the reservation percentage was around 69%.[7]Reservation for economically backward among forward castesCurrently forward castes are only allowed to compete for seats in the unreserved category in educational institutions and central government jobs, regardless of their educational/economical status in the society. However, a significant percentage of the forward caste population lives below the poverty line and more than 30% of the members of this community are illiterate. To meet their aspirations, demands have been raised for providing separate reservations for the poor among forward caste populations. Many political parties like BJP, Samajwadi Party, LJP, Rastriya Janata Dal, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party[8][9][10][11] have supported proposals for providing a separate reservation for the poor among the forward castes. These parties account for over 400 of the 542 members in the current parliament, as well as holding power in most states in the union. Timeline
Many backward caste leaders allege forward castes are overrepresented in many spheres of life. State and central governments have not released adequate data regarding representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions. Most of the private companies in India do not collect data regarding community of their employees. Very few reports are available regarding representation of various communities in public–private services and admissions in educational institutions.
Shrinking educational opportunities{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}During April 2006, India's Human Resource Minister announced that 27% seats will be reserved exclusively for candidates from Other Backward castes in addition to existing 22.5% reservation for Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.[22] The implementation of OBC reservation meant that 50% of seats are available in open competition. All communities can compete in open competition which means forward castes must secure between 72% and 78% of the 'open competition' seats in order to maintain their representation in keeping with their estimated population of 36-39%,{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} whereas other communities will get major chunk of seats through exclusive reservations. This has resulted in protests from Forward caste community members and supporters from other communities under the banner of Youth For Equality and by All India Anti Reservation Front. They{{who|date=September 2017}} have pointed out the following as reasons for their protests:{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
Many states do not have 27% of Other Backward caste population, as per national sample surveys. (This includes major Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal). Some Indian states like Assam {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Goa {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Haryana {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Himachal Pradesh {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Uttarakhand {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, have more than 50% Forward castes population, which means the number of seats secured by Forward castes will not be equal to their population proportion even if they secure 100% seats in open competition in central government institutions of these states. Central government, however, excluded 27% reservations to Other Backward castes to the areas with high tribal populations.[23] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/livelihoodoptions/papers/wp179.pdf#search='caste%2C%20class%2C%20and%20social%20articulation |first=K. |last=Srinivasulu |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |location=London |date=September 2002 |ISBN=0-85003-612-7 |at=p. 4, Table 1|accessdate=20 December 2011}} {{Reservation in India}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Forward caste}}2. ^{{cite news|title=Socio-economic caste census: Numbers not being revealed to hide so called upper caste dominance in governance? |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-12/news/64333907_1_caste-census-caste-numbers-lalu-prasad-yadav |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102013629/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-12/news/64333907_1_caste-census-caste-numbers-lalu-prasad-yadav |archive-date=2 November 2015 |quote=if we go by the generous Mandal Commission figures the upper caste numbers ought to be just 16–18 per cent and nothing more.}} 3. ^{{cite book |author=Gaurang R. Sahay |chapter=Hierarchy, difference and the caste system |editor=Dipankar Gupta |title=Caste in Question |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |pp=130–131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&pg=PA2004}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCQ24WjlwZwC&pg=PA155 |author=Girukamukkalla Savaraiah |title=Rural Banking in India|publisher=Daya Publishing House |year=1988}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTS4OO9lcdgC&pg=PA102|title=Social Development and Demographic Changes in South India|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 6. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/17/world/asia/tell-everyone-we-scalped-you-how-caste-still-rules-in-india.html ‘Tell Everyone We Scalped You!’ How Caste Still Rules in India, Jeffrey Gettleman and Suhasini Raj, New York times, Nov. 17, 2018] 7. ^Tamil Nadu's quota stir an assertion of its 69 percent? (NEWS ANALYSIS) - India {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120713120153/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1285498.php/Tamil_Nadus_quota_stir_an_assertion_of_its_69_percent%0A_NEWS_ANALYSIS_ |date=2012-07-13 }} 8. ^Laloo bats for upper caste reservations, ExpressIndia, 5 May 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312130357/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67190 |date=March 12, 2007 }} 9. ^Left strikes a masterstroke, ExpressIndia, 17 May 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311123218/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67837 |date=2007-03-11 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060504941400.htm|title=Paswan for quota for economically backward|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/14/stories/2003081403450900.htm|title=Cong. for 'quota' for poor among forward castes|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040317043708/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/14/stories/2003081403450900.htm |archive-date=17 March 2004}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/12/stories/2003081206440100.htm|title=The Hindu : GoM to study quota for poor among forward castes|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/24/stories/2004012402250500.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line: Jobs for economically backward classes: 4-member commission set up|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/25/stories/2006072514730300.htm|title=Commission for economically backward classes constituted|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://pd.cpim.org/2006/0702/07022006_ragesh.htm|title=The Kerala Professional Colleges Bill And Social Justice|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 16. ^{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=TN Act on reservation under 9th schedule illegal|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/218200610312222.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523134851/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/218200610312222.htm |archivedate=2008-05-23 |date=31 October 2006}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Aug04-Print-Edition/011508200494.htm|title=League locks horns with upper castes, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.15, MG109 (1-15 Aug 04)|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2006/may/23franc.htm?q=tp&file=.htm|title=Are Brahmins the Dalits of today?|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 19. ^FINAL OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE -3.10.2006.doc 20. ^{{cite web |title=OBC population has increased: NSSO |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2006 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1833012,0008.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321200246/http://www.hindustantimes.in:80/news/181_1833012,0008.htm |archivedate=21 March 2007 |quote=The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) report released on Tuesday reveals that OBC population has increased from 35.8 per cent in 1999 to 41 per cent in 2004-05.... The survey brings out that the OBCs have a buying capacity almost equal to that of the forward communities and more than SC's and ST's.... In rural India, as many as eight per cent of OBCs spends Rs 1,100 or more every month as compared to 11 per cent of the forward communities.}} 21. ^Surjit S Bhalla, [https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surjit-s-bhalla-obc-the-oh-so-average-indian-106111101030_1.html OBC: the Oh, so average Indian], Business Standard, 14 June 2013. 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040814710100.htm|title=Quota for OBCs: "No escape for Government"|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/30quota.htm|title=Reserve 27% seats for OBCs in 3 years: Bill|date=30 August 2006|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 1 : Reservation in India |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。