| 词条 | Freda Du Faur |
| 释义 |
| name = Freda Du Faur | image = Emmeline Freda du Faur, by George Edward Mannering (1862-1947).jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1882|09|16}} | birth_place = Croydon, Sydney, Australia | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1935|09|13|1882|09|16}} | death_place = Dee Why, Sydney, Australia | nationality = Australian | other_names = | known_for = Mountaineering pioneer | occupation = }} Emmeline Freda Du Faur (16 September 1882{{snd}}13 September 1935) was an Australian mountaineer, credited as the first woman to climb New Zealand's tallest mountain, Aoraki / Mount Cook. Du Faur was a leading amateur climber of her day. She was the first female high mountaineer known to be active in New Zealand, although she never lived there. "Freda Du Faur extended the limits of the possible, not just for women, but for all guided climbers of the period. Key factors were her rock-climbing ability, determination, and physical fitness".[1] Early lifeDu Faur was born in Croydon, Sydney, New South Wales on 16 September 1882.[2] She was the daughter of Frederick Eccleston Du Faur (1832-1915), a stock, station and land agent, and patron of the arts,[3] and his second wife, Blanche Mary Elizabeth Woolley (1845-1906).[4] Her grandfather was Professor John Woolley.[5] She was educated at Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School. She probably developed her passion for mountaineering when she lived with her family near the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park.[1] As a young woman, she explored the area and taught herself to rock-climb[1]. She did not finish nursing training due to her "sensitive and highly-strung nature".[1][6] Due to the interests of her parents, and an inheritance from an aunt, Emmeline Woolley, she had an independent income that enabled her to travel and climb. Encountering Mount Cook (1906)Freda Du Faur summered in New Zealand. In late 1906, she saw photographs of Mount Cook at the New Zealand International Exhibition in Christchurch.[6] This prompted her to travel to the Hermitage hotel at Mount Cook, where she became determined to climb to the snow-capped summit.[1] Mountaineering experiences (1906–1910)In 1908, a second trip to Mount Cook trip led to her introduction to a New Zealand guide, Peter Graham.[1] Graham agreed to teach Du Faur ropework, and add snow and ice climbing to her skill on rocks.[1] Du Faur found this freedom to be an enjoyable escape from the constraints and frustrations of family and society.[1] In 1909, Du Faur returned to undertake several climbs of increasing difficulty.[1] The first of which was a significant ascent of Mount Sealy on 19 December 1909.[1] Though these climbs were intended to be just Graham and Du Faur, social norms of propriety at the time did not look kindly on overnight climbing expedition composed solely of an unmarried woman and male guide.[1][6] Thus, a chaperone was enlisted, and Du Faur committed to wearing a skirt to just below the knee over knickerbockers and long puttees while she climbed.[1][6] Still, she received criticism from both males and females for her choices in athleticism and dress. After her climb to the summit of Mount Cook in 1910, she's quoted as stating: "I was the first unmarried woman to climb in New Zealand, and in consequence I received all the hard knocks until one day when I awoke more or less famous in the mountaineering world, after which I could and did do exactly as seemed to me best".[1] Following her notoriety, she would dispense with a chaperone but retain her, now customary, climbing attire. It pleased her that her attire afforded an element of femininity to upset critics and challenge existing stereotypes of physically active women.[1] In 1910, Du Faur spent three months at the Dupain Institute of Physical Education in Sydney[6] training with Muriel "Minnie" Cadogan (1885–1929),[7][8][9] who became her life partner. At the completion of the training, Du Faur returned to Mount Cook in November 1910.[1] Summiting Mount Cook (December 1910)On 3 December 1910, Du Faur became the first woman to climb to the summit of Mount Cook,[1][6][10] New Zealand's highest peak at {{convert|3760|m}}. Her guides included Peter and Alex (Alec) Graham, and together they ascended in a record six hours.[1][6] Du Faur stated about her ascent to the summit: 'I gained the summit … feeling very little, very lonely and much inclined to cry'.[6] On the return trip from the summit, Du Faur was photographed in front of a boulder to commemorate the historic climb.[11] The boulder, now called "Freda Rock" is still present today approximately 200 meters into the Hooker Valley Track at Mount Cook National Park in New Zealand.[11] Subsequent climbing seasonsDu Faur made many other noteworthy climbs. In the same season as her Mount Cook ascent in 1910, she climbed Mounts De la Beche ({{convert|2979|m}}) and Green ({{convert|2828|m}}), and was the first person to climb Chudleigh ({{convert|2944|m}}).[6] In the next climbing season, she scaled a virgin peak now named for her: Mount Du Faur ({{convert|2389|m}}).[6] She also made the first ascents of Mount Nazomi ({{convert|2953|m}}) and Mount Dampier ({{convert|3420|m}}), and the second ascents of Mount Tasman ({{convert|3497|m}}) and Mount Lendenfeld ({{convert|3192|m}}).[6] In her final season she made first ascents of Mount Pibrac ({{convert|2567|m}}) and Mount Cadogan ({{convert|2398|m}}), both of which she named.[6] Perhaps her most notable climb was in January 1913 with Peter Graham and David (Darby) Thomson, when they made the first grand traverse of all three peaks of Mount Cook.[1][6] This 'grand traverse' is now regarded as a classic climb of New Zealand's Southern Alps and continues to be associated with Du Faur's name. On 10 February 1913, the same climbing party made the first traverse of Mount Sefton ({{convert|3149|m}}). Du Faur stopped climbing the next month.[1] Life after mountaineering (1914–1935)Du Faur and her partner, Muriel Cadogan, moved to England in 1914, spending time in Bournemouth.[1][6] Though they had intended to climb in the European Alps, Canada and Himalayas, World War I prevented their plans.[6] The following year, Du Faur published her book The Conquest of Mount Cook in London.[1] It proved important for its record of her mountaineering feats and her approach to climbing.[12] In June 1929, Cadogan died by suicide after her family forcefully separated her from Du Faur. Du Faur returned to Australia where she lived in Dee Why, Sydney.[1][6] At first, she lived with her brother's family.[6] Later, she lived in a cottage of her own.[6] Her main interest was bush walking in Dee Why and Collaroy.[6] She suffered from depression at the loss of Cadogan, and on 13 September, 1935, she fatally poisoned herself with carbon monoxide.[1][13] Du Faur is privately interred in the Church of England cemetery at Manly, New South Wales, Australia.[1] At a ceremony on 3 December 2006, her previously unmarked grave was marked by a group of New Zealanders. A memorial stone, made of New Zealand greywacke, and a plaque commemorating her alpine achievements were placed at her site.[14] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 {{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3d17/du-faur-emmeline-freda|title=Du Faur, Emmeline Freda|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=8 April 2018}} 2. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13521583 Births: Du Faur, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 18 September 1882), p.1.] 3. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15599811 Death of Mr. Du Fair, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 26 April 1915), p.8.] 4. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107937599 Marriages: Du Faur—Woolley, The (Sydney) Evening News, (Friday, 25 January 1878), p.2;] [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28154256 Deaths: Du Faur, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Tuesday, 1 January 1907), p.4.] 5. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=O'Donnell |first=E. J. |author= |authorlink= |author2= |editor= |encyclopedia=Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition |title=Du Faur, Emmeline Freda (1882–1935) |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080373b.htm |accessdate=30 October 2008 |edition= |date= |year= |publisher=Australian National University |volume= |location= |doi= |pages= |quote= |issn=1833-7538 }} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 E. J. O'Donnell, 'Du Faur, Emmeline Freda (1882–1935)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/du-faur-emmeline-freda-6025, published first in hardcopy 1981, accessed online 8 April 2018. 7. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13561947 Births: Cadogan, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Tuesday, 15 July 1884), p.1;] [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16554026 Deaths: Cadogan,The Sydney Morning Herald, (Saturday, 15 June 1929), p.14.] 8. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79914773 Feminist Club, The (Perth) Daily News, Saturday, 5 December 1914), p.3;] [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/223494702 Feminists: How Club Began, The (Sydney) Sun, (Sunday, 20 October 1929), p.1.] 9. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/235419916 The Evil That Corsets Do, The Grafton Argus, (Friday, 18 April 1913), p.5.] 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://search.doc.govt.nz/search?q=cache:_aYQUnYH-pQJ:www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/concessions-and-permits/conservation-revealed/aoraki-mt-cook-lowres.pdf+du+faur&site=internet_collection&client=internet_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=internet_frontend&ie=UTF-8&access=p&oe=UTF-8|title=Wonders of Aoraki / Mt Cook National Park: conservation revealed: publications|website=search.doc.govt.nz|access-date=8 April 2018}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/hooker-valley-aoraki-mount-cook-nz/|title=Hooker Valley Track to Hooker Glacier Lake in Aoraki Mount Cook National Park|website=www.hikespeak.com|language=en|access-date=8 April 2018}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-442729.html|title=The conquest of Mount Cook and other climbs : an account of four seasons' mountaineering on the Southern Alps of New Zealand {{!}} NZETC|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|access-date=8 April 2018}} 13. ^[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17199807 Deaths: Du Faur, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 20 September 1935), p10.] 14. ^Emmeline Freda Du Faur, Monument Australia. Bibliography
External links
15 : 1882 births|1935 deaths|Activists who committed suicide|Australian mountain climbers|Female suicides|Lesbian sportswomen|New Zealand feminists|New Zealand mountain climbers|People with bipolar disorder|Sports competitors who committed suicide|Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning|Suicides in New South Wales|LGBT sportspeople from Australia|LGBT sportspeople from New Zealand|Female climbers |
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