“Chiang Rai”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chiang Rai ({{lang-th|เมืองเชียงราย}}, {{IPA-th|mɯəŋ tɕʰiəŋ raːj|pron}}; {{lang-nod|ᩮᨾᩥᩬᨦᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ}}: Mueang Jiang Hai; ({{lang-lo|ເມືອງຊຽງຮາຍ}},{{IPA-lo|mɯəŋ tɕʰiəŋ haːj}}) is a city in Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai Province. Chiang Rai is the northernmost large city in Thailand. It was established as a capital city in the reign of King Mangrai, in 1262 CE.

History

The city was founded by King Mangrai in 1262^[2]{{rp|208}} and became the capital of the Mangrai Dynasty. The word ‘Chiang’ means ‘city’ in Thai, so Chiang Rai would mean ‘the City of (Mang) Rai’. Subsequently, Chiang Rai was conquered by Burma and remained under Burmese rule for several hundred years. It was not until 1786 that Chiang Rai became a Chiang Mai vassal. Siam (Thailand) annexed Chiang Mai in 1899, and Chiang Rai was proclaimed a province of Thailand in 1933.

In 1432, during the reign of King Sam Fang Kaen of the Mangrai Dynasty (1402–1441), the Phra Kaeo, or Emerald Buddha, the most revered Buddha statue, was discovered in Chiang Rai when an earthquake split the chedi at Wat Phra Kaeo of Chiang Rai city. The beautiful jade figure was then seen concealed within. Another telling of the story has the "Emerald Buddha" hastily covered in mud just before marauders entered to pillage. Many years later, the clunky-looking mud Buddha was found to actually house a magnificent jade statue, perhaps by way of the earthquake mentioned above—which caused a piece of the clay to break off—revealing the jade beneath.

In 1992, the city pillar was moved from Wat Klang Wiang to Wat Phra That Doi Chom Thong, where it is known as Sadue Mueang ({{lang-th|สะดือเมือง}}), the "navel" or omphalos of the city.

Geography

Chiang Rai lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Kok River, a tributary of the Mekong, between the Daen Lao Range in the north and the Phi Pan Nam Range in the south. The Kok River runs along Chiang Rai's north side, flowing eastwards out of Burma at Tha Ton(ท่าตอม) town, bending north-eastwards and joining the Mekong River about {{convert|40|km}} north-east of the city. The Lao River, a tributary of the Kok, flows south of Chiang Rai.

There are four bridges spanning the Kok River within the town's boundaries, each running south–north. Most of the terrain surrounding Chiang Rai town is either flat or has moderate hills. The exception is outward in the west and north-west directions, where limestone hills are evident, some of which have vertical exposed cliffs. That is also the direction where most of the region's hill tribe people have their villages, further afield.

The city is {{convert|860|km}} north of Bangkok, about {{convert|200|km}} north-east of Chiang Mai, {{convert|62|km}} south of Mae Sai and the Burmese border; {{convert|60|km}} south-west of the town of Chiang Saen on the Mekong River across from Laos; and {{convert|90|km}} north of Phayao town. The Golden Triangle, the tripoint of the Thailand, Laos and Myanmar borders, is {{convert|55|km}} north-east of the city.

Climate

Chiang Rai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are fairly dry and warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at {{convert|34.9|°C|°F}}. The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

{{Weather box
|location = Chiang Rai (1981–2010)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 34.3
|Feb record high C = 37.0
|Mar record high C = 39.3
|Apr record high C = 40.5
|May record high C = 39.6
|Jun record high C = 39.6
|Jul record high C = 36.2
|Aug record high C = 35.6
|Sep record high C = 35.0
|Oct record high C = 34.3
|Nov record high C = 34.9
|Dec record high C = 33.5
|year record high C = 40.5
|Jan high C = 28.6
|Feb high C = 31.3
|Mar high C = 33.8
|Apr high C = 34.8
|May high C = 33.1
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 31.1
|Aug high C = 30.9
|Sep high C = 31.1
|Oct high C = 30.5
|Nov high C = 28.8
|Dec high C = 27.2
|year high C = 31.1
|Jan mean C = 19.7
|Feb mean C = 21.6
|Mar mean C = 24.6
|Apr mean C = 27.1
|May mean C = 27.1
|Jun mean C = 27.2
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 26.5
|Sep mean C = 26.2
|Oct mean C = 25.1
|Nov mean C = 22.2
|Dec mean C = 19.4
|year mean C = 24.4
|Jan low C = 12.8
|Feb low C = 13.7
|Mar low C = 16.9
|Apr low C = 20.6
|May low C = 22.5
|Jun low C = 23.6
|Jul low C = 23.4
|Aug low C = 23.3
|Sep low C = 22.7
|Oct low C = 21.1
|Nov low C = 17.3
|Dec low C = 13.5
|year low C = 19.3
|Jan record low C = 6.0
|Feb record low C = 7.0
|Mar record low C = 6.0
|Apr record low C = 14.7
|May record low C = 17.1
|Jun record low C = 20.6
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 20.7
|Sep record low C = 17.0
|Oct record low C = 12.7
|Nov record low C = 5.2
|Dec record low C = 1.5
|year record low C = 1.5
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 7.5
|Feb rain mm = 13.8
|Mar rain mm = 28.2
|Apr rain mm = 97.9
|May rain mm = 213.4
|Jun rain mm = 178.4
|Jul rain mm = 310.9
|Aug rain mm = 358.4
|Sep rain mm = 283.9
|Oct rain mm = 124.9
|Nov rain mm = 59.2
|Dec rain mm = 14.0
|year rain mm = 1690.5
|Jan rain days = 1.4
|Feb rain days = 1.8
|Mar rain days = 3.7
|Apr rain days = 10.8
|May rain days = 18.4
|Jun rain days = 19.5
|Jul rain days = 23.1
|Aug rain days = 23.7
|Sep rain days = 17.3
|Oct rain days = 11.4
|Nov rain days = 5.0
|Dec rain days = 1.8
|year rain days = 137.9
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 67
|Mar humidity = 62
|Apr humidity = 66
|May humidity = 76
|Jun humidity = 80
|Jul humidity = 82
|Aug humidity = 84
|Sep humidity = 83
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 79
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 76
|Jan sun = 272.8
|Feb sun = 257.1
|Mar sun = 294.5
|Apr sun = 279.0
|May sun = 198.4
|Jun sun = 159.0
|Jul sun = 120.9
|Aug sun = 117.8
|Sep sun = 144.0
|Oct sun = 198.4
|Nov sun = 249.0
|Dec sun = 251.1
|year sun = 2542.0
|Jand sun = 8.8
|Febd sun = 9.1
|Mard sun = 9.5
|Aprd sun = 9.3
|Mayd sun = 6.4
|Jund sun = 5.3
|Juld sun = 3.9
|Augd sun = 3.8
|Sepd sun = 4.8
|Octd sun = 6.4
|Novd sun = 8.3
|Decd sun = 8.1
|yeard sun = 7.0
|source 1 = Thai Meteorological Department^[3]
|source 2 = Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun and humidity)^[4]
}}

Demographics

According to the Thai National Statistical Office, as of September 2010, Chiang Rai municipal district had a population of 199,699. With the spread of the city extending into neighboring districts, the metropolitan area is considered somewhat larger by local residents. Chiang Rai city is the capital city and business center of the Chiang Rai Province, home to 1.1 million residents.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

A significant share—12.5 percent—of the population are of hill tribes descent. "Hill tribes" is a collective term for the minority ethnic groups in north Thailand such as the Karen, Akha, Lisu, Miao, and Hmong.

Government

The city hall {{Coord|19|54.805|N|99|49.615|E|type:landmark}} houses the provincial offices. The thesaban houses the municipal offices {{Coord|19|54|34|N|99|49|39|E|type:landmark}}.

Buddhist temples

Education

Colleges and universities

International schools

High schools

Primary schools

Hospitals

In 2018 the survivors of the Tham Luang cave rescue were brought to Chiang Rai, the nearest large city for hospital care.^[6]

Transportation

Route 1 runs from Bangkok through Chiang Rai to Mae Sai on the Burma border. Chiang Rai is 839 kilometers from Bangkok, about 14 hours by car or by bus. According to official bus schedules, the bus ride to Chiang Rai from Chiang Mai takes approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes, All of these times should take into account the rainy season which lasts from about June to late October, this can severely inhibit travel with road sections often completely flooded and even washed out.

Several flights are available to and from Bangkok daily. Mae Fah Luang International Airport flight time is about 1 hour and 30 minutes. There are several major operators including Thai Airways, Air Asia, Nok Air.

There is scheduled boat service between Chiang Rai and Thaton in Chiang Mai Province daily. This journey will last about 3–4 hours and is a pleasant alternative to the bus ride through the mountains.

There are currently no rail services to Chiang Rai as the railway line from Bangkok ends at Chiang Mai. There have been talks of extending the rail line from Den Chai to Chiang Rai in the near future,^[7] but this is unlikely to happen as the city's population is well below 1 million and there aren't as many international tourists visiting Chiang Rai as Chiang Mai. Also there are no major industrial complexes in the region as it is largely a rural economy.^[8]

References

1. ^
2. ^{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of south-east Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}
3. ^{{cite web| url = http://climate.tmd.go.th/content/file/75| title = Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010| publisher = Thai Meteorological Department| page = 1| accessdate = 31 July 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web| url = http://water.rid.go.th/hwm/cropwater/CWRdata/ETo/ETo_PenMon_2554.pdf| title = ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)| publisher = Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department | page = 11| language = Thai| accessdate = 31 July 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=www.tmd.go.th/province_stat.php?StationNumber=48303|url=http://www.tmd.go.th/province_stat.php?StationNumber=48303 }}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/world/asia/thailand-cave-rescue-live-updates.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=photo-spot-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-newsTham|title=Thai Cave Rescue Live Updates: 8th Person Is Out|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en}}
7. ^railway.co.th {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010001841/http://www.railway.co.th/English/pro14_expan.asp |date=October 10, 2007 }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/dioceses/thailand-chiang-rai/565|title=Chiang Rai Diocese Thailand {{!}} Diocese of Chiang Rai Thailand {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2018-07-09}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://chiangraiprovince.org|title=Chiang Rai Information Services {{!}} Information on Chiang Rai Thailand {{!}} Chiangraiprovince|website=directory.chiagraiprovince.org|access-date=2018-07-09}}