| 词条 | Freedom of speech in Denmark |
| 释义 |
Anyone is entitled to in print, writing and speech to publish his or hers thoughts, yet under responsibility to the courts. Censorship and other preventive measures can never again be introduced. There's widespread agreement in Danish legal theory that § 77 protects what is called "formal freedom of speech" (formel ytringsfrihed), meaning that one cannot be required to submit one's speech for review by authorities before publishing or otherwise disseminating it.[2] However, there is disagreement about whether or not § 77 covers "material freedom of speech" (materiel ytringsfrihed), the right to not be punished for ones speech. There is agreement that the phrasing "under responsibility to the courts" gives legislators some right to restrict speech, but conversely there have been several court decisions implying that some material freedom of speech does exist.{{Sfn|Zahle|2006|p=539}} The discussion is about whether the material speech has limits or not, and if so, what those limits are.{{Sfn|Zahle|2006|p=539}}[3] The major punishable acts are child pornography, libel, and hate speech/racism, which are restricted by the Danish penal code. Like most other countries, Denmark also forbids publishing classified material harmful to state security, copyright-protected material without permission and revealing trade secrets in the civil law. In 2004, 2005, and 2009 Denmark received a joint first place in the Worldwide Press Freedom Index from Reporters Without Borders.[4] Since 2011, Denmark has consistently been in the top-10 out of 179 countries in the index and it was fourth in 2016.[5][6][7][8][9] Child pornographyThe provisions against child pornography are set down in §§ 235, 222, 224, 225, and 230 of the penal code:[10][11]
LibelThe provision against libel is set down in § 267 of the penal code: {{Quote|Anybody who offends another person's honor by insulting words or actions or by stating or disseminating charges, that are suitable for reducing the insulted person in the esteem of fellow citizens, will be punished by fine or ordinary imprisonment.|§ 267 of the Danish penal code}}BlasphemyFor 151 years, up until the middle of 2017, blasphemy was forbidden by § 140 of the penal code:[12] {{Quote|Anybody who publicly mocks or insults any in this country legally existing religious community tenets of faith or worship, will be punished by fine or imprisonment for up to 4 months|§ 140 of the Danish penal code prior to its repeal in 2017[12]}}The law was rarely used by prosecutors, however. In 1997 a Danish artist burned a copy of the Bible on a TV news show broadcast by the publicly funded Danish Broadcasting Corporation. The artist was never charged for blasphemy.[13] Only two people were ever convicted under the law during its lifetime and from 2007 to 2017, only 4 complaints of violating the law were reported to law enforcement.[14][15] § 266b, which also covers religion, was used more frequently. Bills repealing the law had been proposed multiple times, but none were successful[16] until 2017 when the first prosecution since 1971 was filed against a man for posting a video of him burning the Quran on Facebook, reigniting the debate over the law.[17][18][19] Parliament voted to repeal the law, with 8 of the 9 parties in the Folketing supporting the repeal.[20][21] Hate speech and racismThe rules against hate speech and racism are set down in § 266b of the Danish penal code: {{Quote|Whoever publicly, or with intention to disseminating in a larger circle makes statements or other pronouncement, by which a group of persons is threatened, derided or degraded because of their race, colour of skin, national or ethnic background, faith or sexual orientation, will be punished by fine or imprisonment for up to 2 years.Sec. 2. When meting out the punishment it shall be considered an especially aggravating circumstance, if the count has the character of propaganda.|§ 266b of the Danish penal code}} Free speech advocate Lars Hedegaard was prosecuted under this statute for remarks made to a blogger in December 2009 criticizing Islam. He was first acquitted in the District Court in January 2011, then convicted upon appeal to High Court in May 2011, and finally acquitted by the Danish Supreme Court in April 2012 which ruled that it could not be proved that he intended for the statements to be published.[22] Danish politician Jesper Langballe plead guilty and was convicted of hate speech for comments he made about rape and honour killings in Muslim families in a newspaper article in connection with Hedegaard's case.[23] State securityIn February and March 2004 three Berlingske Tidende journalists, Michael Bjerre, Jesper Larsen, and Niels Lunde, were prosecuted for "harming state security" after publishing the details of classified intelligence reports about the lack of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. In December 2006 the three were acquitted by a Copenhagen court.[24] See also{{Portal|Freedom of speech}}
References1. ^[https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=45902#K8 "Kapitel VIII" (Part 8)], Danmarks Riges Grundlov (Grundloven) (Danish Constitution) (in Danish). (English translation) 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466582184|title=Danmarks Riges Grundlov med kommentarer|trans-title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark with comments|date=2006|publisher=Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag|editor-last=Zahle|editor-first=Henrik|isbn=8757411565|edition=2nd|location=Copenhagen|oclc=466582184|p=536|ref=harv}} 3. ^See {{Harvnb|Zahle|2006|pp=539-552}} for differing perspectives on the issue. 4. ^"Press Freedom Index 2004", "Press Freedom Index 2005", "Press Freedom Index 2009" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009,1001.html |date=September 30, 2015 }}, Reporters Without Borders, accessed 12 August 2012 5. ^"Press Freedom Index 2011-2012" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303000000/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012,1043.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, Reporters Without Borders, accessed 12 August 2012 6. ^[https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2013 "World Press Freedom Index 2013"], Reporters Without Borders 7. ^[https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014 "World Press Freedom Index 2014"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214000000/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php |date=2014-02-14 }}, Reporters Without Borders 8. ^[https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2015 "World Press Freedom Index 2015"], Reporters Without Borders 9. ^[https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016 "World Press Freedom Index 2016"], Reporters Without Borders 10. ^"Straffeloven kapitel 24: Forbrydelser mod kønssædeligheden" (Penal Code Chapter 24: Crimes against sexual morality) (in Danish). Synopsis. Retrieved 17 August 2012. ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.themis.dk/synopsis/index.asp%3Fhovedramme%3D/synopsis/docs/lovsamling/straffeloven_indholdsfortegnelse.html English translation]) 11. ^"Om blokeringsordningen mod børneporno" (About blocking scheme against child pornography) (in Danish), Danish National Police, 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/boernepornofilter/om_blokering.htm English translation]) 12. ^{{Citation|trans-title=Announcement of the Penal Code|title=Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven|date=2016-07-04|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=181992|issue=LBK nr 1052|accessdate=2017-07-08}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/updates/2016/02/somethings-rotten-denmark-criminalizing-blasphemy-hate-speech-law/|title=Something‘s Rotten: How Denmark Is Criminalizing Blasphemy Through Hate Speech Law|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002607/https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/updates/2016/02/somethings-rotten-denmark-criminalizing-blasphemy-hate-speech-law/|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 14. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=191678 |trans-title=Deliberation on the proposed law to amend the penal code|title=Betænkning over Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven |language=Danish |author=Folketingets Retsudvalg|date=2016-06-07 }} 15. ^{{Citation|title=L 170 endeligt svar på spørgsmål 10|date=2017-05-22|url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/lovforslag/l170/spm/10/svar/1408938/1760286.pdf|publisher=Justitsministeriet|access-date=2017-07-08|trans-title=L 170 final answer to question 10}} 16. ^"Denmark section" in Annexe II: Analysis of the Domestic Law Concerning Blasphemy, Religious Insults and Inciting Religious Hatred in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Turkey, United Kingdom on the basis of replies to a questionnaire, European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Council of Europe, 22 October 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2012 17. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/krimi/2017-02-22-for-foerste-gang-siden-trille-i-1971-dansker-tiltalt-for-blasfemi|title=For første gang siden Trille i 1971 - dansker tiltalt for blasfemi|trans-title=For the first time since Trille in 1971 - Dane charged with blasphemy|date=2017-02-22|work=TV2 NEWS|access-date=2017-07-08|language=da-DK}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2017-05-10-kirkeminister-vil-have-blasfemiparagraf-afskaffet|title=Kirkeminister vil have blasfemiparagraf afskaffet|date=2017-05-10|trans-title=Church Minister wants the blasphemy section repealed|work=TV2 News|access-date=2017-07-08|language=da-DK}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2017-02-23-efter-tiltale-df-genabner-angreb-pa-blasfemi-paragraf|title=Efter tiltale: DF genåbner angreb på blasfemi-paragraf|date=2017-02-23|trans-title=After indictment: DF reopens attack on blasphemy-section|work=TV2 News|access-date=2017-07-08|language=da-DK}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2017-06-02-et-flertal-har-afskaffet-blasfemiparagraffen|title=Et flertal har afskaffet blasfemiparagraffen|trans-title=A majority has repealed the blasphemy-section|date=2017-06-02|work=TV2 News|access-date=2017-07-08|language=da-DK}} 21. ^{{Citation|last=Justitsministeriet|trans-title=Proposal to amend the Penal Code. (Repealing the Penal Code's blasphemy section).|title=Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Ophævelse af straffelovens blasfemibestemmelse).|date=2017-03-29|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=188435|issue=2016/1 LF 170|accessdate=2017-07-08}} 22. ^Pia Buhl Andersen (20 April 2012). "Lars Hedegaard is acquitted of opinions about Muslims" (in Danish). Politiken.DK. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://politiken.dk/politik/article887762.ece English translation]) 23. ^"Jesper Langballe admits defamation after Muslim rape comments", IceNews, 14 December 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2012 24. ^"Three Berlingske Tidende Journalists Acquitted of State Security Charges", Reporters Without Borders, 4 December 2004, accessed 16 August 2012 External links
3 : Human rights in Denmark|Freedom of speech by country|Freedom of speech in Europe |
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