| 词条 | FreedomWorks |
| 释义 |
|name = FreedomWorks |image = Freedomworks.png |image_border = |size = |caption = |map = |msize = |mcaption = |abbreviation = |motto = Lower Taxes. Less Government. More Freedom.[1] |formation = 2004[2] |extinction = |type = |status = 501(c)(4) |headquarters = Washington, D.C. |location = |region_served = |membership = over 1 million in 2010[3] |language = |leader_title = President & CEO |leader_name = Adam Brandon[4] |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |main_organ = |parent_organization = Citizens for a Sound Economy |affiliations = FreedomWorks for America, FreedomWorks Foundation |num_staff = |num_volunteers = 600,000 online activists[3] |budget = |website = Freedomworks.org }}FreedomWorks is a conservative and libertarian advocacy group based in Washington D.C., United States. FreedomWorks trains volunteers, assists in campaigns, and encourages them to mobilize, interacting with both fellow citizens and their political representatives. It is widely associated with the Tea Party movement.[6][7] HistoryFreedomWorks originated from a conservative political group founded by the brothers David H. Koch and Charles Koch, and called Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE). In 2004 CSE split into Americans for Prosperity, led by President Nancy Pfotenhauer, and a remainder group which merged with Empower America{{failed verification|no mention of Pfotenhauer, Empower America in ref|date=April 2015}} and was renamed FreedomWorks, led by President and CEO Matt Kibbe.[5] Dick Armey, Jack Kemp, and C. Boyden Gray served as co-chairmen of the new organization with Bill Bennett focusing on school choice as a Senior Fellow.[6][7]{{Update inline|date=August 2014}} Empower America had been founded in 1993 by Bennett, former Secretary of HUD Kemp, former Ambassador Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, and former Representative Vin Weber.[8] In December 2006, Steve Forbes joined the FreedomWorks board of directors.[9] The "FreedomWorks" name was derived from a common Armey saying: "Freedom works. Freedom is good policy and good politics."[10] On August 14, 2009, after Armey's leadership of FreedomWorks became a problem to his employer, the lobbying and legal firm of DLA Piper, Armey was forced to resign from his job at DLA Piper. DLA Piper chairman Francis Burch responded that the firm serves clients "... who support enactment of effective health care reform this year and encourages responsible national debate."[11] Armey disagreed with FreedomWorks president Matt Kibbe's use of FreedomWorks staff for the research and promotion of Kibbe's book, Hostile Takeover, which according to Armey put FreedomWorks's tax-exempt status in jeopardy. Armey has stated, "what bothered me most ... was that [Kibbe] was asking me to lie, and it was a lie that I thought brought the organization in harm's way."[12] On November 30, 2012, Armey resigned as chairman of FreedomWorks. Armey told Mother Jones, "The top management team of FreedomWorks was taking a direction I thought was unproductive, and I thought it was time to move on with my life." Armey stipulated that FreedomWorks was to immediately remove his name, image, or signature "from all its letters, print media, postings, web sites, videos, testimonials, endorsements, fundraising materials, and social media."[13] Armey claimed that the split was caused by President and CEO Matt Kibbe's use of FreedomWorks' resources to write a book, Hostile Takeover, which he personally profited from and which he asked Armey and the board to later acknowledge was written without significant resources from FreedomWorks; Kibbe alleged that the split was a result of competing visions for the direction of the organization.[14] The Associated Press reported that in September 2012, Armey agreed to resign by November 2012 in exchange for $8 million in consulting fees paid in annual $400,000 installments, funded by board member Richard J. Stephenson.[15][16] Shortly following the split between FreedomWorks and Dick Armey, FreedomWorks again faced public controversy over its creation of a video featuring a giant panda-costumed intern pretending to perform cunnilingus upon another person wearing a Hillary Clinton mask.[17] The intent was said for it to be shown at a conservative conference featuring Glenn Beck. A former FreedomWorks' staffer reportedly told reporter David Corn, "And there were going to be thousands of Christian conservatives at this thing. This was a terrible lack of judgment."[17] FreedomWorks is an associate member of the Koch brothers-founded State Policy Network, a U.S. national network of free-market oriented think tanks.[18][19] Views{{third-party|section|date=June 2015}}FreedomWorks seeks to identify itself with two schools of thought in terms of effective advertising and marketing: the Austrian School{{failed verification|date=June 2012}} of economics and public choice theory. Through public choice theory, FreedomWorks believes it legitimizes its mission and models itself after the Austrian School.[20] Kibbe, a former aide to Republican Representative Dan Miller and a former staffer at the Republican National Committee, said that the group "will encourage Republicans – and Democrats – to take positions on issues of individual freedom". Armey said, "Ronald Reagan launched a political and intellectual revolution, and the Contract with America expanded it. Today, it's time for the next wave. We have a rare window to make the big ideas of individual ownership and economic opportunity a political reality for all Americans. That's the purpose of FreedomWorks."[21] FreedomWorks views itself as having eight key issues: Budget and Spending; Health Care Reform; Fundamental Tax Reform, Energy and the Environment; Workplace Freedom; School Choice;[22] RedTape, Hidden Taxes, and Regulation, and Medicare, Social Security and Entitlement Reform.[22] According to the FreedomWorks website, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), is a "multi-trillion-dollar takeover of health care".[23] ActionsFreedomWorks helped to astroturf the Tea Party movement, although the latter is generally perceived as grassroots.[24][25] In 2009, FreedomWorks responded to the growing number of Tea party protests across the United States, and became one of several groups active in the "Tea Party" tax protests.[7] Three national conservative groups, FreedomWorks, Americans for Prosperity, and DontGo led the tea party movement in April 2009, according to The Atlantic magazine.[26] FreedomWorks was a lead organizer of the September 12, 2009, Taxpayer March on Washington, also known as the 9/12 Tea Party.[5][27][28][29] In February 2010, FreedomWorks, the FreedomWorks Foundation, and the FreedomWorks Political Action Committee were among the twelve most influential groups in the Tea Party movement, according to the National Journal.[30] In September 2010, FreedomWorks was one of the top five most influential organizations in the Tea Party movement, according to The Washington Post.[31] FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity were especially important in creating the Tea Party Movement and in encouraging the movement to focus on climate change, according to the Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.[32] In 2009, FreedomWorks advocated for the defeat of Democratic-sponsored climate change legislation.[33] In 2009, senior reporter Josh Harkinson, writing in Mother Jones magazine, listed FreedomWorks as a significant climate change denier.[34]{{npov-inline|date=September 2015}}{{relevance-inline|date=September 2015}} In 2010, FreedomWorks helped organize Tea Party protests and passed fliers opposing national climate policy.[35] FreedomWorks promoted the Contract from America, a Tea Party manifesto, which included planks in opposition to the Obama administration's initiatives on health care reform and cap and trade.[36] FreedomWorks sponsored campaigns to block climate legislation as well as Obama's broader agenda.[37] Among other activities, FreedomWorks runs boot camps for supporters of Republican candidates. FreedomWorks spent over $10 million on the 2010 elections on campaign paraphernalia alone. The required reading list for new employees includes Saul Alinsky,[38] Frédéric Bastiat and Ayn Rand.[39] Rolling Stone and Talking Points Memo allege that FreedomWorks helps run the Tea Party Patriots.[40][41] Tea Party Patriots denies this claim.[42] According to a 2010 article in The New York Times, FreedomWorks "has done more than any other organization to build the Tea Party movement".[39] In the 2010 congressional elections, FreedomWorks endorsed a number of candidates, including Marco Rubio, Pat Toomey, Mike Lee, and Rand Paul.[43] In addition to the aforementioned United States Senate candidates, FreedomWorks endorsed 114 candidates for federal office, of whom seventy won election,[44] an independent study performed by Brigham Young University showed that only FreedomWorks's endorsement had a statistically significant impact on the success of a candidate in the General Election (U.S.).{{clarify|only Freedomworks endorsement made a difference–as opposed to what other factors? seems implausible, clarification needed|date=June 2012}}[45] In 2011, FreedomWorks ran a number of campaigns targeted at corporate rent-seeking behavior. They campaigned against GE CEO Jeff Immelt who they argue has made GE a rent-seeking corporation.[46] FreedomWorks ran a campaign with the goal of getting Duke Energy to fire their CEO Jim Rodgers, accusing Duke Energy of lobbying for a "progressive agenda" to ensure that the company would receive green energy subsidies.[47] In addition to their anti-rent seeking campaigns, FreedomWorks has also been active in a number of issue campaigns at the state and national levels. One of these campaigns is the school choice SB1 campaign in Pennsylvania.[48] Additionally, FreedomWorks ran an active grassroots campaign in support of Ohio Governor John Kasich's union reforms. FreedomWorks delivered thousands of yard signs, door-hangers, handouts, and registered conservative voters.[49] In 2011, FreedomWorks launched a Super PAC called FreedomWorks for America.[50] The stated purpose of this PAC is to "empower the leaderless, decentralized community of the tea party movement as it continues its hostile takeover of the GOP establishment".[50] Its endorsed candidates included Don Stenberg, Ted Cruz, Jeff Flake, and Richard Mourdock.[51] In February 2013, FreedomWorks signed onto a memo which said, "Conservatives should not approve a CR unless it defunds Obamacare."[52] On August 14, 2013, Joshua Withrow of FreedomWorks mentioned the continuing resolution set to expire September 30 which "must be renewed in order for the doors to stay open in Washington. The CR is the best chance we will get to withdraw funds from ObamaCare. This can be done by attaching bills by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) or Congressman Tom Graves (R-GA) to the CR, which will totally defund ObamaCare."[53] Withrow also wrote "Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) and Congressman Mark Meadows (R-NC) are leading the charge to get their colleagues to commit to this approach, by putting their signatures to a letter affirming that they will refuse to vote for a CR that contains ObamaCare funding."[53] Withrow wrote, "Support for the Cruz/Graves bills is absolutely meaningless without also signing the Lee/Meadows letter."[53] In September 2013, FreedomWorks opposed the legislation called Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against the Government of Syria to Respond to Use of Chemical Weapons.[54] This was the first time FreedomWorks took an official stance on foreign policy.[55] On February 12, 2014, FreedomWorks joined with Rand Paul as co-plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Obama Administration concerning reports of NSA domestic wiretapping. The lawsuit names President Obama, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper and National Security Agency Director Gen. Keith Alexander. Former Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli is representing Paul and FreedomWorks in the case.[56] Some of FreedomWorks' campaigns have been called "astroturfing", and some claim that they project a false impression of grassroots organizing.[57][58][59] Legislation supportedFreedomWorks supported the Electricity Security and Affordability Act (H.R. 3826; 113th Congress), which was into the House on January 9, 2014.[60][61] The bill would repeal a pending rule published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on January 8, 2014.[62] The proposed rule would establish uniform national limits on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new electricity-generating facilities that use coal or natural gas.[62][63] The rule also sets new standards of performance for those power plants, including the requirement to install carbon capture and sequestration technology.[62] In a blog post, then FreedomWorks president Matt Kibbe said that the bill would go a "long way in curbing the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) radical war on affordable and reliable energy from fossil fuels".[61] Kibbe argued that the EPA's proposed rule was "an obvious backdoor attempt to effectively outlaw coal" because the standards were set "well below the emissions levels achieved by even the most advanced coal facilities".[61] FreedomWorks supports the Smarter Sentencing Act of 2015, REDEEM Act,[64] and Email Privacy Act.[65] FreedomWorks opposes Net neutrality regulation.[66] FundingAccording to John Broder of The New York Times, FreedomWorks has been supported by the oil industry.[35] According to the liberal advocacy group Common Cause, FreedomWorks has also received funding from Verizon and SBC (now AT&T).[67] Other FreedomWorks donors have included Philip Morris and foundations controlled by the Scaife family, according to tax filings and other records.[68][69] FreedomWorks also receives funding through the sale of insurance policies through which policyholders automatically become members of FreedomWorks.[70] In 2012, FreedomWorks had revenue of $15 million, with nearly 60% coming from four donors.[71] In 2012, $12 million in donations from William S. Rose (via two of his companies) were scrutinized by some members of the media. Watchdog groups asked for investigations of the donations, alleging that the companies were created merely to hide the identity of contributors.[72][73] References1. ^{{cite web|last=Albright |first=Logan |url=http://www.freedomworks.org/ |title=Lower Taxes, Less Government, More Freedom |publisher=FreedomWorks |date= |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Skocpol|first1=Theda|last2=Williamson|first2=Vanessa|title=The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199912834|page=104}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|url = http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/3259-beck-closely-examines-tea-party-movement|publisher = The New American|title = Beck Closely Examines Tea Party Movement|first = Raven|last = Clabough|date = August 1, 2010}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomworks.org/about/staff |title=Staff |publisher=FreedomWorks |date= |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/18/republicans-internet-barack-obama |title=Republicans steal Barack Obama's internet campaigning tricks |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 18, 2009 |accessdate=April 5, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomworks.org/release.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725031033/http://www.freedomworks.org/release.php |archivedate=2004-07-25 |title=FreedomWorks.org |date=2004-07-25 |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomworks.org/about/board-of-directors |title=Board of Directors |publisher=FreedomWorks |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://rightweb.irc-online.org/org/empower.php |title=Empower America - Profile - Right Web - Institute for Policy Studies |publisher=Rightweb.irc-online.org |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomworks.org/about/board-of-directors|title=Board of Directors|publisher=Freedomworks |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1041986931689098504|title=Citizen Armey|author=Dick Armey|date=January 8, 2003|work=The Wall Street Journal}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26128_Page2.html |title=Armey leaves firm amid health care flap - David Mark |newspaper=Politico |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2012/12/dick-armey-freedomworks-president-clashed-over-book-deal-84599_Page3.html |title=Inside the Dick Armey, FreedomWorks split |author= Kenneth P. 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|first=Chris |last=Good |date=April 13, 2009 |accessdate=April 1, 2015 |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/04/the-tea-party-movement-whos-in-charge/13041/}} 27. ^{{Cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/12/AR2009091200971.html | title=Lashing Out at the Capitol: Tens of Thousands Protest Obama Initiatives and Government Spending | last=Brown | first=Emma |author2=Hohmann, James |author3=Bacon, Perry | date=September 13, 2009 | newspaper=The Washington Post | accessdate=September 13, 2009 }} 28. ^{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/13/barack-obama-denounced-washington-march | title=Barack Obama denounced by rightwing marchers in Washington | last=Pilkington | first=Ed | date=September 13, 2009 | newspaper=The Guardian | accessdate=September 15, 2009 }} 29. ^{{Cite news| url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/27070.html | newspaper=Politico | date=September 12, 2009 | title='Freedom fighters' take a stand in D.C. | first=Alex | last=Isenstadt | accessdate=September 15, 2009 }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/njonline/12-tea-party-players-to-watch-20100204 |title=12 Tea Party Players To Watch |magazine=National Journal |date=February 4, 2010 |accessdate=April 17, 2015 |first1=Christopher |last1=Snow Hopkins |first2=Siddhartha |last2=Mahanta |first3=Theresa |last3=Poulson}} 31. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/09/26/GR2010092600175.html |title=The top national players in the tea party |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 26, 2010 |accessdate=April 17, 2015}} 32. ^{{cite book |last1=Dryzek |first1=John S. |authorlink1=John Dryzek |first2=Richard B. |last2=Norgaard |authorlink2=Richard Norgaard |first3=David |last3=Schlosberg |title=The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780199683420}} 33. ^{{cite news |title=Conservative Mainstays and Fledgling Advocacy Groups Drive Health-Reform Opposition |first1=Dan |last1=Eggen |first2=Philip |last2=Rucker |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 16, 2009 |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/15/AR2009081502696.html}} 34. ^{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Harkinson |url=https://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial |title=The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial |magazine=Mother Jones |date=December 4, 2009 |accessdate=August 17, 2015 }} 35. ^1 {{cite news |title=Climate Change Doubt Is Tea Party Article of Faith |first=John |last=Broder |date=October 20, 2010 |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/us/politics/21climate.html |newspaper=The New York Times}} 36. ^{{cite news |title=A Tea Party Manifesto |first1=Dick |last1=Armey |authorlink1=Dick Armey |first2=Matt |last2=Kibbe |authorlink2=Matt Kibbe |date=August 17, 2010 |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704407804575425061553154540}} 37. ^{{cite book |title=Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives |first1=Riley E. |last1=Dunlap |first2=Robert J. |last2=Brulle |authorlink2=Robert Brulle |page=315 |isbn=0199356114}} 38. ^{{cite web |title=Conservatives Find Town Hall Strategy in Leftist Text |author=David Weigel |date=August 11, 2009 |work=The Washington Independent |url=http://washingtonindependent.com/54554/conservatives-find-town-hall-strategy-in-leftist-text |accessdate=2010-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018120733/http://washingtonindependent.com/54554/conservatives-find-town-hall-strategy-in-leftist-text |archive-date=October 18, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 39. ^1 2 [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/26/us/politics/26freedom.html Shaping Tea Party Passion Into Campaign Force], Kate Zernike, The New York Times, August 25, 2010 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/08/freedomworks_says_jump_tea_partiers_ask_how_high.php|title=FreedomWorks Says Jump, Tea Partiers Ask How High|publisher=TPM}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/30219673/the_lie_machine|title=Politics - News about Politics in America & the World|work=Rolling Stone}} 42. ^{{cite web|last=Fang|first=Lee|title=Pressed On FreedomWorks' Connections To Tea Parties, Dick Armey Lashes Out At TP As 'Juvenile Delinquents' |url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2009/09/12/60331/armey-teapartypatriots/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=14 March 2012}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/01/a-tea-party-target-list-freedomworks-releases-its-races-for-2010/34129/ |title=A Tea-Party Target List? 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The Impact of the Tea Party Movement on the 2010 Midterm Elections 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/04/26/tea-party-to-take-angst-to-ge-shareholder-meeting-in-salt-lake-city/|title=Tea Party to take angst to GE shareholder meeting in Salt Lake City|publisher=The Daily Caller}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/blog/power_city/2011/05/protestors-descend-on-duke-energy.html?page=all|title=Protesters descend on Duke Energy meeting|date=May 5, 2011|work=Charlotte Business Journal}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politicspa.com/conservative-tv-radio-ads-target-vance-yaw/28536/|title=Conservative TV & Radio Ads Target Vance, Yaw |publisher=PoliticsPA}} 49. ^{{cite news |title=Kasich to rally state issue supporters |url=http://business-journal.com/kasich-to-rally-state-issue-supporters-p20296-1.htm |accessdate=November 1, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 50. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.freedomworksforamerica.org/press-releases/freedomworks-to-launch-super-pac-freedomworks-for-america-at-cpac-florida|title=Log in - FreedomConnector|publisher=FreedomWorks}} 51. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108101714/http://www.freedomworksforamerica.org/endorsements |date=January 8, 2012 }} 52. ^{{cite news |title=Coalition Letter: Congress Must Honor Sequester Savings and Defund ObamaCare Before It Is Too Late |author=Matt Kibbe |url=http://www.freedomworks.org/blog/ryanriebe/joint-letter-on-sequester-savings |publisher=FreedomWorks |date=February 14, 2013 |accessdate=October 11, 2013}} 53. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Have Your Members of Congress Signed the "Defund ObamaCare" Letter? 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9 : Advocacy groups in the United States|Climate change skepticism and denial|Conservatism in the United States|Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.|Organizations established in 2004|Organizations of environmentalism skeptics and critics|Political organizations in the United States|Tax reform in the United States|Tea Party movement |
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