| 词条 | "Freeway" Rick Ross |
| 释义 |
| name = Rick "Freeway" Ross | image_name = Ricky Donnell Ross.jpg | image_caption = Ross in 2010 | birth_name = Ricky Donnell Ross | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|1|26}} | birth_place = Troup, Texas, United States | alias = Freeway, The Real Rick Ross, Freeway Rick Ross, Freeway Ricky | charge = Conspiracy to illegally traffic cocaine (100kg) | conviction_penalty = Life, reduced to 20 years | conviction_status = Incarcerated in 1996, released in 2009 | occupation = Drug trafficker, author | website = http://www.freewayrickyross.com/ | spouse = | parents = Annie Mae Ross, Sonny Ross | sibling = David }} Ricky Donnell "Freeway Rick" Ross (born January 26, 1960)[1] is an American author and convicted drug trafficker best known for the drug empire he established in Los Angeles, California, in the early to mid 1980s.[2] He was sentenced to life in prison, though the sentence was shortened on appeal and Ross was released in 2009. BiographyRoss attended school at Susan Miller Dorsey High School in Los Angeles. He played for the tennis team but was unable to get a college scholarship because he was illiterate.[3] Ross has said that when he first saw crack cocaine as a teenager in 1979, he did not immediately believe it was a drug because it looked different from other drugs he had seen.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=125}} The nickname Freeway came from Ross owning properties along the Los Angeles Harbor Freeway[4] and living next to Interstate 110.[5] According to an October 2013 Esquire magazine article, "Between 1982 and 1989, federal prosecutors estimated, Ross bought and resold several metric tons of cocaine," with Ross's gross revenue claimed to be more than $900 million (equivalent to $2.7 billion in {{Inflation-year|US}}) and profits of almost $300 million (${{Inflation|US|300|1980|r=-2}} million in {{Inflation-year|US}}).[5] During the height of his drug dealing, Ross was said to have sold "$3 million in one day."[6] According to the East Bay Times, "In the course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross exported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and elsewhere, and made more than $500 million between 1983 and 1984."[7] In 1996, Ross was sentenced to life imprisonment under the three-strikes law after being convicted for purchasing more than 100 kilograms of cocaine from a federal agent in a sting operation. Later that year, a series of articles by journalist Gary Webb in the San Jose Mercury News revealed a connection between one of Ross's cocaine sources, Danilo Blandón, and the CIA as part of the Iran–Contra affair.[8] Having learned to read at the age of 28, during his first stint in prison, Ross spent much of his time behind bars studying the law. He eventually discovered a legal loophole that would lead to his release.[5] Ross's case was brought to a federal court of appeals which found that the three-strikes law had been erroneously applied and reduced his sentence to 20 years. He was released from Federal Correctional Institution, Texarkana on September 29, 2009.[9] Ross was arrested in October 2015 on suspicion of possessing cash related to the sales of illegal drugs when police discovered $100,000 in his possession during a traffic stop.[10] Ross later alleged that he had been racially profiled and stated that he was carrying a large amount of cash for the purchase of a home.[11] Charges were ultimately dropped, and Ross explained he had earned the cash from book sales and speaking fees.[12] Cocaine use and businessCocaine introductionRoss began selling cocaine after his illiteracy prevented his earning a tennis scholarship for college. He began spending time with an upholstery teacher at a Los Angeles community college who revealed he dealt cocaine and offered Ross a small amount to sell.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=129}} Ross used his profit to purchase more cocaine to sell, expanding his small operation.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=130}} Ross eventually began to ask for quantities to sell that exceeded what the teacher was willing to procure, so he turned to find a new dealer.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=133}} The teacher referred Ross to his supplier, Ivan Arguellas, who offered to keep Ross supplied. Arguellas was able to provide larger quantities at a better price, and Ross quickly went from dealing in grams of cocaine to dealing in ounces.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=134}} About eight months after becoming Ross's supplier, Arguellas was shot in the spine, resulting in months of hospitalization that forced him out of the cocaine business. His brother-in-law Henry Corrales took over the business, but was not enthusiastic about the trade and had failed to make any connections of his own to suppliers.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|pp=137-138}} A Nicaraguan exile and cocaine distributor named Danilo Blandón was acquainted with Arguellas and Corrales, and although he did not know him personally, was impressed with the amount of cocaine that Ross was moving. Blandón offered to supply cocaine to Corrales to sell to Ross, for a fifty-fifty split of the profit.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=138}} Eventually, Corrales lost his appetite for the cocaine business and retired, at which point Ross became a direct customer of Blandón.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|pp=146-147}} Through his connection to Blandón, and Blandón's supplier Norwin Meneses Cantarero, Ross was able to purchase Nicaraguan cocaine at significantly reduced rates.{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=147}} Ross began distributing cocaine at $10,000 per kilo less than the average street price, distributing it to the Bloods and Crips street gangs. By 1982, Ross had received his moniker of "Freeway Ricky" and claimed to have sold up to US$3 million worth of cocaine per day, purchasing 455 kilos of cocaine a week.[6] Ross initially invested most of his profits in houses and businesses, because he feared his mother would catch on to what he was doing if he started spending lavishly on himself. In a jailhouse interview with reporter Gary Webb, Ross said, "We were hiding our money from our mothers."{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=137}} He invested a portion of the proceeds from his drug dealing activities in Anita Baker's first album. Drug empireWith thousands of employees, Ross has said he operated drug sales not only in Los Angeles but in places across the country including St. Louis, New Orleans, Texas, Kansas City, Oklahoma, Indiana, Cincinnati, North Carolina, South Carolina, Baltimore, Cleveland, and Seattle. He has said that his most lucrative sales came from the Ohio area. He made similar claims in a 1996 PBS interview.[13] According to the East Bay Times, "In the course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross exported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and elsewhere, and made more than $600 million in the process."[7] Adjusting for inflation using the Consumer Price Index, this becomes more than a billion dollars in 2013.[14] Much of Ross's success at evading law enforcement was due to his ring's possession of police scanners and voice scramblers. Following one drug bust, a Los Angeles County sheriff remarked that Ross's men had "better equipment than we have."{{sfnp|Webb|1999|p=193}} According to the October 2013 Esquire article, “Between 1982 and 1989, federal prosecutors estimated, Ross bought and resold several metric tons of cocaine. In 1980 dollars, his gross earnings were said to be in excess of $900 million – with a profit of nearly $300 million. Converted roughly to present-day dollars: 2.5 billion gross and $850 million in profit. As his distribution empire grew to include forty-two cities, the price he paid per kilo of powder cocaine dropped from as much as $60,000 to as low as $10,000. ”[5] Iran–Contra involvement{{main|CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US}}Ross's capture was facilitated by his main source, drug lord Oscar Danilo Blandón, who set up Ross. Blandón had close ties with the Contras, and had met with Contra leader Enrique Bermúdez on several occasions. Blandón was the link between the CIA and Contras during the Iran–Contra affair. Gary Webb interviewed Ross several times before breaking the story in 1996. Ross claims that the reason he was unfairly tried initially was because of his involvement in the scandal. Blandón received a 24-month sentence for his drug trafficking charges, and following his release, was hired by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) where he was salaried at US$42,000.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The Immigration and Naturalization Service was ordered to grant Blandón a green card, despite the criminal convictions, to allow him to work for the DEA.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Lawsuit against rapper Rick RossOn June 18, 2010, Ross sued rapper Rick Ross (real name William Leonard Roberts II) for using his name,[15] filing a copyright infringement lawsuit against Ross in a California Federal Court.[15] Jay-Z had been called to testify in the lawsuit, as he was CEO of Def Jam when Ross was signed to the label.[15] Ross sought $10 million in compensation in the lawsuit.[15] After the lawsuit was dismissed on July 3, 2010,[16] the album Teflon Don was released as scheduled on July 20, 2010. A federal judge ruled that the case should be refiled in California state court because it fell under California state law. Ross refiled the case with the State of California and the federal case is on appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[17] The state case was filed in 2011 in California. Ross refiled in Los Angeles Superior Court with publicity rights claims. Trial was set for early May 2012. The case was dismissed by a judge in the Los Angeles Superior Court.[18] The California State case was updated with a motion in Freeway Rick Ross's favor as to Warner Bros. Records and their use of the name and image Rick Ross in July 2012.[19] The New York Post reported that a trial was set for August 27, 2013 in Freeway Rick Ross versus Rick Ross and Warner Music Group.[20] On December 30, 2013, the court ruled in favor of the rapper Rick Ross, allowing him to keep the name based on a First Amendment ruling.[21] BookIn 2013, The Huffington Post reported that journalist and author Cathy Scott was co-writing Ross's autobiography with him, scheduled for release in 2014.[22] The memoir, Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography, was released at a book launch with author Scott at the Eso Won Bookstore in Los Angeles on June 17, 2014 to a standing-room only crowd.[23][24] KCET TV in its review wrote, "(The book) is fascinating for its unsentimental, inside look at his career on the streets of South Central, which started for Ross with car theft and quickly shifted to drugs and the big time."[25]AwardThe memoir was nominated for ForeWord Review{{'}}s IndiFab Best Book of the Year Award 2014 in the true crime category.[26] In June 2015, winners were announced, with the book named as a Foreword Reviews' 2014 INDIEFAB Book of the Year Award Finalist, True Crime.[27] Ross was a key figure in filmmaker Kevin Booth's documentary The Last White Hope. The second episode of the first season of BET's American Gangster documentary series was focused on the story of Ricky Ross and his connection to the Iran–Contra scandal.[28] Ross was a guest interview on VH1's Planet Rock History of Crack and Hip Hop Documentary.[29] Ross is featured in the 2015 two-part documentary Freeway: Crack in the System, which details various levels of the drug trade, the Iran–Contra scandal, and mass incarceration.[30] In 2016, the documentary was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Investigative Journalism: Long Form.[31] Since 2013, Ross has been a regular guest on The Joe Rogan Experience.[32][33][34] In the 2014 film Kill the Messenger, Ross is portrayed by Michael K. Williams. References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/ricky-ross-481828 |title=Ricky Ross Biography |website=Biography.com |accessdate=July 2, 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/ch06p3.htm |title=Law Enforcement Investigations of Ross |website=United States Department of Justice Archive |date= |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531202918/http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/ch06p3.htm |archivedate=May 31, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=}} 3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library.htm |title=Dark Alliance: Library |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=December 14, 2013 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409180631/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library.htm |archive-date=April 9, 1997 |quote=A few years before, Ross became involved in cocaine sales, he was a player on his high school tennis team. A college scholarship was reneged once it was learned he couldn't read. The same day, he dropped out of high school his senior year weeks away from graduation.}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2main.htm |last=Webb |first=Gary |date=August 19, 1996 |title=Shadowy origins of 'crack' epidemic |work=San Jose Mercury News |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409185002/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2main.htm |archivedate=April 9, 1997 |df=}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a25818/rick-ross-drug-dealer-interview-1013/ |title=Say Hello to Rick Ross |first=Mike |last=Sager |date=September 25, 2013 |work=Esquire |accessdate=November 11, 2018}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |title=Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press |last1=Cockburn |first1=Alexander |last2=St. Clair |first2=Jeffrey |date=1999 |publisher=Verso Publishing |isbn=978-1-85984-258-4 |pages=6–7}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |first=Scott |last=Johnson |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2011/01/16/the-return-of-freeway-ricky-ross-the-man-behind-a-crack-empire/ |title=The return of "Freeway" Ricky Ross, the man behind a crack empire |work=East Bay Times |date=April 17, 2012 |accessdate=July 2, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/gary-webb-cia-drug-running-story-061813 |title=Gary Webb And The Limits Of Vindication |first=Charles P. |last=Pierce |date=June 18, 2013 |work=Esquire |accessdate=November 11, 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=ross&Middle=&FirstName=ricky&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=13& |title=Inmate Locator |website=Federal Bureau of Prisons |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310081041/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=ross&Middle=&FirstName=ricky&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=13& |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-freeway-ricky-ross-arrested-20151023-story.html |title=Former L.A. cocaine kingpin 'Freeway' Ricky Ross arrested in Sonoma County |last1=Rocha |first1=Veronica |last2=Mozino |first2=Joe |date=October 23, 2015 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 31, 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/seth-ferranti/a-conversation-with-freew_b_8454314.html |title=A Conversation with Freeway Ricky Ross on His Latest Run-in with Police and Race Relations in America |last=Ferranti |first=Seth |date=November 5, 2015 |website=The Huffington Post |access-date=January 31, 2017}} 12. ^Jack Morse (2015). Charges Dropped Against Former Crack Kingpin Pulled Over With $100K In Cash {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105231751/http://sfist.com/2015/10/26/charges_dropped_against_freeway_ric.php |date=2017-11-05 }}, SFist.com, October 26, 2015 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/july-dec96/cia_11-18.html |title=Covert Connections? |date=November 18, 1996 |website=PBS NewsHour |accessdate=August 29, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103035622/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/july-dec96/cia_11-18.html |archivedate=January 3, 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ |title=CPI Calculator |publisher=USInflationCalculator.com |date= |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028120632/http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ |archivedate=October 28, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11543/title.freeway-ricky-ross-files-lawsuit-against-rapper-rick-ross |title=Freeway Rick Ross files lawsuit |last=Harling |first=Danielle |accessdate=25 June 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103035148/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11543/title.freeway-ricky-ross-files-lawsuit-against-rapper-rick-ross |archivedate=January 3, 2014 |deadurl=no}} 16. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/11/the_drug_dealer_rick_ross_has.html |magazine=New York |title=The Drug Dealer Rick Ross Has Lost His Lawsuit Against the Rapper Rick Ross |first=Amos |last=Barshad |date=November 5, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229053922/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/11/the_drug_dealer_rick_ross_has.html |archivedate=December 29, 2011 |deadurl=no |df=}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://theurbandaily.com/gossip-news/billjohnson/freeway-ricky-ross-lawsuit-against-rick-ross-thrown-out/ |title=Freeway Ricky Ross' Lawsuit Against Rick Ross Thrown Out |last=Johnson |first=Bill |date=July 6, 2010 |website=The Urban Daily |accessdate=September 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312171244/http://theurbandaily.com/gossip-news/billjohnson/freeway-ricky-ross-lawsuit-against-rick-ross-thrown-out/ |archivedate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/02/29/freeway-rick-ross-court-date-with-rick-ross/ |title='Freeway' Rick Ross Will Take On Rick Ross In Court Early May |date=February 29, 2012 |work=MTV Rapfix |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103030721/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/02/29/freeway-rick-ross-court-date-with-rick-ross/ |archivedate=January 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/rick-ross-freeway-ricky-warner-bros-sue-maybach-music-351204 |title=Rick Ross Vs. Ricky "Freeway" Ross: Judge Rejects Warner Bros. Records' Motion to Dismiss |work=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |date=July 18, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127180836/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/legal-and-management/rick-ross-vs-ricky-freeway-ross-judge-rejects-1007617352.story |archivedate=January 27, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/rick_vs_rick_sBNa5IUgibTzmx7w3vfyqO |title=Rick Ross vs. Rick Ross: Rapper sued by drug trafficker for allegedly stealing name |date=January 11, 2013 |work=The New York Post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219031920/http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/rick_vs_rick_sBNa5IUgibTzmx7w3vfyqO |archivedate=February 19, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=}} 21. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/freeway-ricky-ross-rick-ross-667879 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |title='Freeway' Ricky Ross vs. Rick Ross: First Amendment Protects Hip-Hop Persona |date=December 30, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309134858/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/freeway-ricky-ross-rick-ross-667879 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=}} 22. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/07/rick-ross-drug-kingpin_n_3713419.html |title=Rick Ross, Former Drug Kingpin: 'Why Wouldn't You Want To Emulate Me If You Can't Even Get a Job At McDonald's? |first=Luke |last=Johnson |website=The Huffington Post |date=August 7, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121923/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/07/rick-ross-drug-kingpin_n_3713419.html |archivedate=December 24, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=}} 23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.lasentinel.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13160:rick-ross-book-signing-event-recap&catid=77:exclusive&Itemid=167 |title=Rick Ross Book signing Event Recap |first=Zon |last=D'Amour |date=June 27, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Sentinel |accessdate=November 11, 2018}} 24. ^{{cite book |first1=Rick |last1=Ross |first2=Cathy |last2=Scott |authorlink2=Cathy Scott |year=2014 |title=Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography |titlelink=Freeway Rick Ross (book) |publisher=Freeway Studios |isbn=978-1-49965-153-9 |ref=harv}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/commentary/cakewalk/freeway-rick-ross-moves-on.html |title=L.A.'s Notorious Drug Dealer, 'Freeway' Rick Ross, is Moving On |first=Erin Aubry |last=Kaplan |date=June 6, 2014 |work=KCET |accessdate=November 11, 2018}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=https://indiefab.forewordreviews.com/books/freeway-rick-ross/ |title=Indie Fab Book of Year Freeway Rick Ross Nomination |work=IndieFab |date=April 14, 2014}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://indiefab.forewordreviews.com/books/freeway-rick-ross/ |title=Freeway Rick Ross is a 2014 Foreword INDIES Book of the Year Award finalist |author=|date=|work=IndieFab}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bet.com/BETShows/americangangster_rickyross.htm |title=American Gangster: 'Freeway' Ricky Ross |work=BET |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153746/http://www.bet.com/BETShows/americangangster_rickyross.htm |archivedate=July 9, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all |access-date=June 12, 2007}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/467768/first-look-at-vh1s-rock-docs-planet-rock-the-story-of-hip-hop-and |title=VH1 Planet Rock History of Crack and Hip Hop |first=Erika |last=Ramirez |date=August 24, 2011 |work=Billboard |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529010350/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/467768/first-look-at-vh1s-rock-docs-planet-rock-the-story-of-hip-hop-and |archivedate=May 29, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/01/a-drug-kingpin-the-cia-and-prisoners-freeway-rick-ross-and-america-s-mass-incarceration-problem.html |title=A Drug Kingpin, the CIA, and Prisoners |first=Marc |last=Levin |date=March 1, 2015 |website=The Daily Beast |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302010835/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/01/a-drug-kingpin-the-cia-and-prisoners-freeway-rick-ross-and-america-s-mass-incarceration-problem.html |archive-date=March 2, 2015}} 31. ^{{cite news |url=https://lasentinel.net/film-documenting-l-a-s-drug-era-nominated-for-emmy.html |title=Film Documenting L.A.'s Drug Era Nominated for Emmy |first=Jennifer |last=Bihm |date=August 8, 2016 |newspaper=Los Angeles Sentinel |accessdate=November 11, 2018}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZ1xDnuUM5Q |title=Joe Rogan Experience #208 - "Freeway" Rick Ross |website=YouTube |date= |accessdate=May 3, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309100446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZ1xDnuUM5Q&t=2121s |archivedate=March 9, 2017 |deadurl=no |df=}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0C1b-r59v0 |title=Joe Rogan Experience #262 - "Freeway" Rick Ross |website=YouTube |date= |accessdate=June 3, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116103657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0C1b-r59v0 |archivedate=November 16, 2015 |deadurl=no |df=}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fEN8g6cGCw |title=Joe Rogan Experience #323 - "Freeway" Rick Ross |website=YouTube |date= |accessdate=February 6, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118091927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fEN8g6cGCw |archivedate=January 18, 2016 |deadurl=no |df=}} Bibliography
External links{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Biography}}
14 : 1960 births|Living people|People from Troup, Texas|Criminals of Los Angeles|American drug traffickers|American mob bosses|African-American businesspeople|20th-century American businesspeople|African-American mobsters|American mobsters|People from the Greater Los Angeles Area|Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government|20th-century American criminals|People from Compton, California |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。