| 词条 | Frenkel defect |
| 释义 |
A Frenkel defect or dislocation defect is a type of defect in crystalline solids named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel[1]. In an ionic crystal, this defect forms when an ion is displaced from its lattice position to an interstitial site, creating a vacancy at the original site and an interstitial defect at the new location without any changes in chemical properties.[2] This defect appears in an ionic solid which usually possess low coordination number and/or a considerable disparity in the sizes of the ions. The smaller ion (usually the cation) is dislocated; e.g. in ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, and AgI due to the small size of the zinc ion with charge +2 and the silver ion with charge +1, the cations in the respective cases get dislocated. It must be noted here, however, that AgBr exhibits both Frenkel defect and Schottky defect, in apparent contravention to the aforementioned conditions, as, the usual condition for the exhibition of Schottky defect is that, inter alia, there is no considerable disparity in the sizes of the constituent ions of an ionic solid that exhibits the Schottky defect. DefinitionA Frenkel defect or Frenkel disorder is a type of point defect in a crystal lattice. The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the lattice, creating a vacancy, and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location.[3] Their primary mechanism of generation is by particle irradiation, as their equilibrium concentration according to the Boltzmann distribution is much smaller than the pure vacancies distribution, due to the large energy necessary for the creation of the associated interstitial atoms. Effect on densityFrenkel defect does not have any impact on the density of the solid as it involves only the migration of the ions within the crystal, thus preserving both the volume as well as mass.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} ExamplesFrenkel defects are exhibited in ionic solids with a large size difference between the anion and cation (with the cation usually smaller due to an increased effective nuclear charge) Some examples of solids which exhibit Frenkel defects:
These are due to the comparatively smaller size of Zn2+ and Ag+ ions. For example, consider a lattice formed by Xn− and Mn+ ions. Suppose an M ion leaves the M sublattice, leaving the X sublattice unchanged. The number of interstitials formed will equal the number of vacancies formed. One form of a Frenkel defect reaction in MgO with the oxide anion leaving the lattice and going into the interstitial site written in Kröger–Vink notation: Mg{{su|p=×|b=Mg}} + O{{su|p=×|b=O}} → O{{su|p={{tmath|\\prime\\prime}}|b=i}} + v{{su|p=••|b=O}} + Mg{{su|p=×|b=Mg}} This can be illustrated with the example of the sodium chloride crystal structure. The diagrams below are schematic two-dimensional representations. {{clear}}See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |last=Frenkel |first=Yakov |date=1926 |title= Über die Wärmebewegung in festen und flüssigen Körpern (About the thermal motion in solids and liquids) |url= http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379812 |journal= Zeitschrift für Physik |publisher= Springer |volume= 35 |issue= 8|pages= 652–669 |doi= 10.1007/BF01379812 |access-date=21 October 2015|bibcode = 1926ZPhy...35..652F }} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Chiang|first1=Yet-Ming|last2=Birnie III|first2=Dunbar|last3=Kingery|first3=W. David|title=Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering|date=1997|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0-471-59873-9|pages=102–107|edition=1st}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Solid State chemistry|last=Ashcroft and Mermin|first=|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=1976|isbn=0030839939|location=|pages=620|quote=|via=}} Further reading
1 : Crystallographic defects |
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