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词条 Friendly number
释义

  1. Examples

      Status for small n  

  2. Solitary numbers

  3. Large clubs

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Distinguish|Amicable number}}{{one source|date=November 2011}}

In number theory, friendly numbers are two or more natural numbers with a common abundancy index, the ratio between the sum of divisors of a number and the number itself. Two numbers with the same abundancy form a friendly pair; n numbers with the same abundancy form a friendly n-tuple.

Being mutually friendly is an equivalence relation, and thus induces a partition of the positive naturals into clubs (equivalence classes) of mutually friendly numbers.

A number that is not part of any friendly pair is called solitary.

The abundancy index of n is the rational number σ(n) / n, in which σ denotes the sum of divisors function. A number n is a friendly number if there exists m ≠ n such that σ(m) / m = σ(n) / n. Note that abundancy is not the same as abundance, which is defined as σ(n) − 2n.

Abundancy may also be expressed as where denotes a divisor function with equal to the sum of the k-th powers of the divisors of n.

The numbers 1 through 5 are all solitary. The smallest friendly number is 6, forming for example the friendly pair 6 and 28 with abundancy σ(6) / 6 = (1+2+3+6) / 6 = 2, the same as σ(28) / 28 = (1+2+4+7+14+28) / 28 = 2. The shared value 2 is an integer in this case but not in many other cases. Numbers with abundancy 2 are also known as perfect numbers. There are several unsolved problems related to the friendly numbers.

In spite of the similarity in name, there is no specific relationship between the friendly numbers and the amicable numbers or the sociable numbers, although the definitions of the latter two also involve the divisor function.

Examples

As another example, 30 and 140 form a friendly pair, because 30 and 140 have the same abundancy:

The numbers 2480, 6200 and 40640 are also members of this club, as they each have an abundancy equal to 12/5.

For an example of odd numbers being friendly, consider 135 and 819 (abundancy 16/9). There are also cases of even being friendly to odd, like 42 and 544635 (abundancy 16/7). The odd friend may be less than the even one, as in 84729645 and 155315394 (abundancy 896/351).

A square number can be friendly, for instance both 693479556 (the square of 26334) and 8640 have abundancy 127/36 (this example is due to Dean Hickerson).

Status for small n

{{color|darkblue|Blue numbers}} are proved friendly {{OEIS|id=A074902}}, {{color|darkred|darkred numbers}} are proved solitary {{OEIS|id=A095739}}, numbers n such that n and are coprime {{OEIS|id=A014567}} are not coloured darkred here, though they are known to be solitary. Other numbers have unknown status and are {{background color|yellow|highlighted yellow}}.
nnnn
111373838/37737474/73109110110/109
233/2yellow|38}}yellow|60}}yellow|30/19}}yellow|74}}yellow|114}}yellow|57/37}}yellow|110}}yellow|216}}yellow|108/55}}
344/3395656/3975124124/75111152152/111
477/4darkblue|40}}darkblue|90}}darkblue|9/4}}yellow|76}}yellow|140}}yellow|35/19}}yellow|112}}yellow|248}}yellow|31/14}}
566/5414242/41779696/77113114114/113
darkblue|6}}darkblue|12}}darkblue|2}}darkblue|42}}darkblue|96}}darkblue|16/7}}darkblue|78}}darkblue|168}}darkblue|28/13}}darkblue|114}}darkblue|240}}darkblue|40/19}}
788/7434444/43798080/79115144144/115
81515/8yellow|44}}yellow|84}}yellow|21/11}}darkblue|80}}darkblue|186}}darkblue|93/40}}yellow|116}}yellow|210}}yellow|105/58}}
91313/9darkred|45}}darkred|78}}darkred|26/15}}81121121/81yellow|117}}yellow|182}}yellow|14/9}}
yellow|10}}yellow|18}}yellow|9/5}}yellow|46}}yellow|72}}yellow|36/23}}yellow|82}}yellow|126}}yellow|63/41}}yellow|118}}yellow|180}}yellow|90/59}}
111212/11474848/47838484/83119144144/119
darkblue|12}}darkblue|28}}darkblue|7/3}}darkred|48}}darkred|124}}darkred|31/12}}darkblue|84}}darkblue|224}}darkblue|8/3}}darkblue|120}}darkblue|360}}darkblue|3}}
131414/13495757/4985108108/85121133133/121
yellow|14}}yellow|24}}yellow|12/7}}509393/50yellow|86}}yellow|132}}yellow|66/43}}yellow|122}}yellow|186}}yellow|93/61}}
yellow|15}}yellow|24}}yellow|8/5}}yellow|51}}yellow|72}}yellow|24/17}}yellow|87}}yellow|120}}yellow|40/29}}yellow|123}}yellow|168}}yellow|56/41}}
163131/16darkred|52}}darkred|98}}darkred|49/26}}yellow|88}}yellow|180}}yellow|45/22}}yellow|124}}yellow|224}}yellow|56/31}}
171818/17535454/53899090/89125156156/125
darkred|18}}darkred|39}}darkred|13/6}}yellow|54}}yellow|120}}yellow|20/9}}yellow|90}}yellow|234}}yellow|13/5}}yellow|126}}yellow|312}}yellow|52/21}}
192020/19557272/55yellow|91}}yellow|112}}yellow|16/13}}127128128/127
yellow|20}}yellow|42}}yellow|21/10}}darkblue|56}}darkblue|120}}darkblue|15/7}}yellow|92}}yellow|168}}yellow|42/23}}128255255/128
213232/21578080/5793128128/93129176176/129
yellow|22}}yellow|36}}yellow|18/11}}yellow|58}}yellow|90}}yellow|45/29}}yellow|94}}yellow|144}}yellow|72/47}}yellow|130}}yellow|252}}yellow|126/65}}
232424/23596060/59yellow|95}}yellow|120}}yellow|24/19}}131132132/131
darkblue|24}}darkblue|60}}darkblue|5/2}}darkblue|60}}darkblue|168}}darkblue|14/5}}darkblue|96}}darkblue|252}}darkblue|21/8}}darkblue|132}}darkblue|336}}darkblue|28/11}}
253131/25616262/61979898/97133160160/133
yellow|26}}yellow|42}}yellow|21/13}}yellow|62}}yellow|96}}yellow|48/31}}98171171/98yellow|134}}yellow|204}}yellow|102/67}}
274040/2763104104/63yellow|99}}yellow|156}}yellow|52/33}}darkblue|135}}darkblue|240}}darkblue|16/9}}
darkblue|28}}darkblue|56}}darkblue|2}}64127127/64100217217/100darkred|136}}darkred|270}}darkred|135/68}}
293030/29658484/65101102102/101137138138/137
darkblue|30}}darkblue|72}}darkblue|12/5}}darkblue|66}}darkblue|144}}darkblue|24/11}}darkblue|102}}darkblue|216}}darkblue|36/17}}darkblue|138}}darkblue|288}}darkblue|48/23}}
313232/31676868/67103104104/103139140140/139
326363/32yellow|68}}yellow|126}}yellow|63/34}}yellow|104}}yellow|210}}yellow|105/52}}darkblue|140}}darkblue|336}}darkblue|12/5}}
yellow|33}}yellow|48}}yellow|16/11}}yellow|69}}yellow|96}}yellow|32/23}}yellow|105}}yellow|192}}yellow|64/35}}yellow|141}}yellow|192}}yellow|64/47}}
yellow|34}}yellow|54}}yellow|27/17}}yellow|70}}yellow|144}}yellow|72/35}}yellow|106}}yellow|162}}yellow|81/53}}yellow|142}}yellow|216}}yellow|108/71}}
354848/35717272/71107108108/107143168168/143
369191/36yellow|72}}yellow|195}}yellow|65/24}}darkblue|108}}darkblue|280}}darkblue|70/27}}144403403/144

Solitary numbers

A number that belongs to a singleton club, because no other number is friendly with it, is a solitary number. All prime numbers are known to be solitary, as are powers of prime numbers. More generally, if the numbers n and σ(n) are coprime – meaning that the greatest common divisor of these numbers is 1, so that σ(n)/n is an irreducible fraction – then the number n is solitary {{OEIS|id=A014567}}. For a prime number p we have σ(p) = p + 1, which is coprime with p.

No general method is known for determining whether a number is friendly or solitary. The smallest number whose classification is unknown (as of 2009) is 10; it is conjectured to be solitary; if not, its smallest friend is a fairly large number, like the status for the number 24, although 24 is friendly, its smallest friend is 91,963,648. There are no friendly numbers for 10 that are less than .[1][2]

Large clubs

It is an open problem whether there are infinitely large clubs of mutually friendly numbers. The perfect numbers form a club, and it is conjectured that there are infinitely many perfect numbers (at least as many as there are Mersenne primes), but no proof is known. {{As of|2018|12}}, 51 perfect numbers are known, the largest of which has more than 49 million digits in decimal notation. There are clubs with more known members, in particular those formed by multiply perfect numbers, which are numbers whose abundancy is an integer. As of early 2013, the club of friendly numbers with abundancy equal to 9 has 2094 known members.[3] Although some are known to be quite large, clubs of multiply perfect numbers (excluding the perfect numbers themselves) are conjectured to be finite.

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Cemra|first1=Jason|title=10 Solitary Check|url=https://github.com/CemraJC/solidarity|website=Github/CemraJC/Solidarity}}
2. ^[https://oeis.org/A074902 OEIS sequence A074902]
3. ^{{cite web |last=Flammenkamp |first=Achim |title=The Multiply Perfect Numbers Page|url= http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/mpn.html |accessdate=2008-04-20 }}

References

  • {{MathWorld |urlname=FriendlyNumber |title=Friendly Number}}
  • {{MathWorld |urlname=FriendlyPair |title=Friendly Pair}}
  • {{MathWorld |urlname=SolitaryNumber |title=Solitary Number}}
  • {{MathWorld |urlname=Abundancy |title=Abundancy}}
{{Divisor classes}}{{Classes of natural numbers}}

4 : Divisor function|Integer sequences|Number theory|Unsolved problems in mathematics
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