| 词条 | Friends of New Germany |
| 释义 |
| name = Friends of New Germany | formation = July 1933 | founder = Heinz Spanknobel | membership = 5,000-10,000 | extinction = December 1935 | headquarters = New York City, United States | successor = German American Bund }}{{Nazism sidebar}} Friends of New Germany, sometimes called Friends of the New Germany, was an organization founded in the United States by German immigrants to support Nazism and Nazi Germany. Nazis outside of Germany made considerable efforts to establish an American counterpart organization. Recruiting commenced as early as 1924 with the formation of the Free Society of Teutonia. In May 1933, the Nazi Deputy Führer, Rudolf Hess, gave German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization.[1] The result was the creation of the Friends of New Germany in July 1933. Assistance was given to its formation by the German consul in the City of New York.[1] The organization took over the membership of two older pro-Nazi organizations in the United States, the Free Society of Teutonia and Gau-USA. The new entity was based in New York City, but had a strong presence in Chicago, Illinois.[1] The Friends of New Germany was led by Spanknöbel and was openly pro-Nazi, and engaged in activities such as storming the German language newspaper New Yorker Staats-Zeitung with the demand that Nazi-sympathetic articles be published, the infiltration of other non-political German-American organizations, and the use of propaganda to counter the Jewish boycott of businesses in the heavily German neighborhood of Yorkville, Manhattan.{{cn|date=June 2018}} Members wore a uniform, a white shirt and black trousers for men with a black hat festooned with a red symbol. Women members wore a white blouse and a black skirt.[2] In an internal battle for control of the Friends, Spanknöbel was soon ousted as leader, and in October 1933 he was deported because he had failed to register as a foreign agent.[1] At the same time, Congressman Samuel Dickstein (D-NY) was Chairman of the Committee on Naturalization and Immigration, where he became aware of the substantial number of foreigners legally and illegally entering and residing in the country, and the growing anti-Semitism along with vast amounts of anti-Semitic literature being distributed in the country. This led him to investigate independently the activities of Nazi and other fascist groups. This led to the formation of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities. Throughout the rest of 1934, the Committee conducted hearings, bringing before it most of the major figures in the US fascist movement.[3] Dickstein's investigation concluded that the Friends represented a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in America.[4][5] The organization existed into the mid-1930s with a membership of between 5,000-10,000, consisting mostly of German citizens living in America and German emigrants who only recently had become citizens.[1] In December 1935, Rudolf Hess recalled the group's leaders to Germany and ordered all German citizens to leave the Friends of New Germany.[1] By March 1936, Friends of New Germany was dissolved and its membership transferred to a newly formed German American Bund, the new name being chosen to emphasise the group's American credentials after press criticism that the organisation was unpatriotic.[6] The Bund was to consist only of American citizens of German descent.[7] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.traces.org/americanbund.html |title=American Bund - The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund’s Attempt to Create an American "Fifth Column" |author= Jim Bredemus |date= |work= |publisher=TRACES |accessdate=2 March 2011}} 2. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474096/bio IMDb Biography for Fritz Kuhn] 3. ^{{cite book | author = Chip Berlet, Matthew Nemiroff Lyons | authorlink = | title = Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort | year = 2000 | publisher = Guilford Press | isbn = 978-1-57230-562-5}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://lihj.cc.stonybrook.edu/2010/articles/long-island-nazis-a-local-synthesis-of-transnational-politics/|title=Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics |publisher=Journal of Long Island History |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=Spring 2010 |first=Ryan |last=Shaffer |accessdate=2010-11-19}} 5. ^[https://archive.org/stream/investigationofu193802unit#page/1090/mode/2up Investigation on un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States] 6. ^{{cite book |first1=Erik V. |last1=Wolter |first2=Robert J. |last2=Masters |title=Loyalty On Trial: One American's Battle With The FBI |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=9780595327034 |page=65}} 7. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/americansforhitler.html |title=Americans for Hitler – The Bund |work=America in WWII |first1=Mark D. |last1=Van Ells |volume=3 |number=2 |date=August 2007 |pages=44–49|accessdate=May 13, 2016}} External links
10 : Far-right politics in the United States|German-American history|German American Bund|Nazi propaganda organisations|Political history of the United States|White supremacist groups in the United States|Germany friendship associations|Organizations established in 1933|Organizations disestablished in 1935|United States friendship associations |
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