| 词条 | Frogs in culture | ||||||||
| 释义 |
Frogs play a variety of roles in culture, appearing in folklore and fairy tales such as the Brothers Grimm story of The Frog Prince. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, frogs symbolized fertility, while in classical antiquity, the Greeks and Romans associated frogs with fertility, harmony, and licentiousness. Frogs are the subjects of fables attributed to Aesop, of proverbs in various cultures, and of art. Frog characters such as Kermit the frog and Pepe the frog feature in popular culture. They are eaten in some parts of the world including France. In Australia, a fondant dessert is known as frog cake. HistoryAncient MesopotamiaIn the Sumerian epic poem of Inanna and Enki, the goddess Inanna tricks Enki, the god of water, into giving her all of the sacred mes,[1] prompting Enki to send various watery creatures to retrieve them.[1] The first of these is a frog, whom Enki grasps "by its right hand".[1] Frogs also appear as filling motifs on cylinder seals of the Kassite Period.[1] Ancient EgyptTo the Egyptians, the frog was a symbol of life and fertility, since millions of them were born after the annual flooding of the Nile, which brought fertility to the otherwise barren lands. Consequently, in Egyptian mythology, there began to be a frog-goddess, who represented fertility, named Heqet. Heqet was usually depicted as a frog, or a woman with a frog's head, or more rarely as a frog on the end of a phallus to explicitly indicate her association with fertility.[2] A lesser known Egyptian god, Kek, was also sometimes shown in the form of a frog.[3] Texts of the Late Period describe the Ogdoad of Hermepolis, a group of eight "primeval" gods, as having the heads of frogs (male) and serpents (female), and they are often depicted in this way in reliefs of the Greco-Roman period.[4] The god Nu in particular is sometimes depicted either with the head of a frog surmounted by a beetle.[3] Hapi was a deification of the annual flood of the Nile River, in Egyptian mythology, which deposited rich silt on the banks, allowing the Egyptians to grow crops. In Lower Egypt, he was adorned with papyrus plants, and attended by frogs, present in the region, and symbols of it.[5]Classical antiquityThe Greeks and Romans associated frogs with fertility and harmony, and with licentiousness in association with Aphrodite.[2] The combat between the Frogs and the Mice (Batrachomyomachia) was a mock epic, commonly attributed to Homer, though in fact a parody of his Iliad.[6][7][8] The Frogs Who Desired a King is a fable, attributed to Aesop. The Frogs prayed to Zeus asking for a King. Zeus set up a log to be their monarch. The Frogs protested they wanted a fierce and terrible king, not a mere figurehead. So Zeus sent them a Stork to be their king. The new king hunted and devoured his subjects. Aesop wrote a fable about a frog trying to inflate itself to the size of an ox. Phaedrus (and later Jean de La Fontaine) wrote versions of this fable. The Frogs is a comic play by Aristophanes, in which the choir of frogs sings the famous onomatopoeic line: "Brekekekex koax koax."[9] In the Bible, the Second Plague of Egypt described in the Book of Exodus 8:6 is of frogs. In the New Testament, frogs are associated with unclean spirits in Revelation 16:13.[2] Medieval and Early ModernMedieval Christian tradition based on the Physiologus distinguished land frogs from water frogs representing righteous and sinful congregationists, respectively. In folk religion and occultism, the frog also became associated with witchcraft or as an ingredient for love potions.[10] The Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō wrote one of his most famous haikus about a frog jumping into an old pond.[11] In modern cultureProverbs and popular traditionsThe "frog in a well" saying about having a narrow vision of life is found in Sanskrit ("Kupa Manduka", कुपमन्डुक),[12] in Bengali, কুপমন্ডুক), in Vietnamese "Ếch ngồi đáy giếng coi trời bằng vung" ("Sitting at the bottom of wells, frogs think that the sky is as wide as a lid"), and in Malay "Bagai katak dibawah tempurung" ("Like a frog under a coconut shell").. The Chinese versions are "坐井觀天" ("sitting in the well, looking to the sky") and "井底之蛙" ("a frog in a well") from the Taoist classic Zhuangzi that has a frog living in an abandoned well, who talks about things big and small with the turtle of the Eastern Sea.[13] Other frog proverbs include the American "You can't tell by looking at a frog how high he will jump." and the Iranian "When the snake gets old, the frog gets him by the balls."[14] In Chinese traditional culture, frog represents the lunar yin, and the Frog spirit Ch'ing-Wa Sheng is associated with healing and good fortune in business, although a frog in a well is symbolic of a person lacking in understanding and vision.[2] The supposed behavior of frogs illustrating nonaction is told in the often-repeated story of the boiled frog: put a frog in boiling water and it will jump out, but put it in cold water and slowly heat it, and it will not notice the danger and will be boiled alive. The story was based on nineteenth century experiments in which frogs were shown to stay in heating water as long as it was heated very slowly.[15] The validity of the experiments is however disputed. Professor Douglas Melton, Harvard University Biology Department, says: "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot—they don't sit still for you."[16] The short poem What a queer bird, which appeared in magazines in the 1920s, is about the qualities of a frog from a bird's perspective.[17][18][19] In Finland, miniature wooden coffins containing frogs have been discovered under the floors of some churches, and in other places such as in a field, under a cowshed, in rapids, or in a hearth. They are thought to have been part of a practice of magic, or to protect against magic.[20] In artThe Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted frogs in their art.[21] Painters of the Dutch Golden Age sometimes included frogs in their compositions;[22] for example, Ambrosius Bosschaert II painted a vanitas still life Dead Frog with Flies c. 1630; in 2012, the artists Rob and Nick Carter created a silent digital version, lasting three hours, in which the "still" image "slowly, imperceptibly" changes with the movement of the sun, and occasionally an insect such as a dragonfly enters the scene.[23] Contemporary pop cultureThe theme of transformation features prominently in popular culture, from The Frog Prince to fantasy settings such as the Final Fantasy and Chrono Trigger video games with magic spells that turn people into frogs.[24] Michigan J. Frog featured in a Warner Brothers cartoon.[25] Kermit the Frog is the straight man character in Sesame Street and The Muppet Show.[26]Several Pokémon species are based on frogs and toads, such as the Poliwrath,[27] Politoed,[28] Seismitoad,[29] and Greninja[30] evolutionary families. Pepe the Frog is a frog character from a webcomic which became a popular Internet meme, and was eventually appropriated as a symbol of the controversial alt-right movement.[31][32]Cuisine and confectioneryFrogs are eaten, notably in France. One dish is known as cuisses de grenouille, frogs' legs, and although it is not especially common, it is taken as indicative of French cuisine. From this, "frog" has also developed into a common derogatory term for French people in English.[33] Freddo Frog is a popular Australian chocolate,[34] while frog cake is a Heritage Listed South Australian fondant dessert.[35] Crunchy Frog is a fictitious confectionery from a Monty Python skit of the same name.[36] Chocolate Frogs are a popular sweet in the Harry Potter universe.[37]See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6|page=118|ref=harv}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=JC |title=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |pages=106–08 |year=1992 |publisher= Aquarian Press |location=London |isbn=1-85538-118-4}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |last=Budge |first=E. A. Wallis |authorlink=E. A. Wallis Budge |title=The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology |publisher=Methuen & Co. |year= 1904 |url=https://archive.org/stream/godsofegyptianso02budg#page/378/mode/2up |volume=2| pages=284–286}} 4. ^Smith, Mark (2002). [https://books.google.ch/books?id=l4kQFwWZesMC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false On the Primaeval Ocean]. p. 38. 5. ^{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard H. |authorlink=Richard H. Wilkinson |title= The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2003 |isbn=0-500-05120-8 |page=107}} 6. ^Plutarch. De Herodoti Malignitate, 43, or Moralia, 873f. 7. ^A. Ludwich (1896). 8. ^{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Batrachomyomachia |volume=3}} 9. ^Aristophanes, Frogs. Kenneth Dover (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 2. 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00kybj_-nBIC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=l&source=web&ots=ANc7FjwG76&sig=wDRpfr369CL6c05LQC-A5xAGnhY&hl=en |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-17}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bopsecrets.org/gateway/passages/basho-frog.htm |title=Matsuo Bashō's Frog Haiku (Thirty-one Translations and One Commentary) |website=Bureau of Public Secrets |accessdate=8 April 2018}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/faith-and-ritual/29730836_1_horizon-frog-objective-truth|title=Frog in the well|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|date=2011-09-08|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 June 2013}} 13. ^Zhuangzi, Chapters 秋水 ("The Floods of Autumn") and 至樂 ("Perfect Enjoyment"). Chinese text and James Legge's English translation. 14. ^Quoted at the end of Embroideries by Marjane Satrapi. 15. ^{{Cite journal | last=Sedgwick | first=William | authorlink=William Thompson Sedgwick | title=Studies From the Biological Laboratory | publisher=N. Murray, Johns Hopkins University. | date=July 1888 | url=https://archive.org/details/studiesfrombiol00martgoog |quote=in one experiment the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002°C. per second, and the frog was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without having moved.}} 16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/01/frog.html| title= Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant| accessdate=2006-03-10}} 17. ^{{cite magazine |author= |date=1922-09-28 |title=Pleasantries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abc_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA940&dq=%22what+a+queer+bird+the+frog+are%22 |magazine=Christian Register |volume=101 |issue=39}} 18. ^{{cite magazine |author= |date=1922 |title=The Frog |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80NCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217&dq=%22what+a+queer+bird+the+frog+are%22 |magazine=American Consular Bulletin |volume=4 }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfiles.co.uk/scores/frog-round.htm |title=The Frog Round: a Children's Folk Song sung as a Round |access-date=2018-03-15 |publisher=Music Files Ltd}} 20. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2015/frogsinminiaturecoffins.pdf | journal=Mirator | volume=16 | issue=1 | year=2015 | title=Frogs in Miniature Coffins from Churches in Finland - Folk Magic in Christian Holy Places | first=Sonja | last=Hukantaival | pages=192-220}} 21. ^Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997. 22. ^{{cite web |title=Frog |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/search?q=frog |publisher=National Gallery |accessdate=8 April 2018}} 23. ^{{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Florence |title=Dead frog painting that rots before your eyes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9908462/Dead-frog-painting-that-rots-before-your-eyes.html |accessdate=8 April 2018 |work=Daily Telegraph |date=6 March 2013}} 24. ^Badger, David P. Frogs (S.l.: Voyageur Press, 2001) includes chapters on "frogs in popular culture, their physical characteristics and behavior, and environmental challenges."Are There Fewer Frogs? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911160250/http://aqua.wisc.edu/waterlibrary/books_frogs.asp |date=11 September 2007 }} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Mahan|first1=Colin|title=Michigan J. Frog has no leg to stand on|url=http://www.tv.com/news/michigan-j-frog-has-no-leg-to-stand-on-482/|publisher=TV.com|accessdate=4 January 2018|date=26 July 2005}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Characters / The Muppet Show. Kermit the Frog|url=http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/TheMuppetShow|publisher=TV Tropes.org|accessdate=4 January 2018}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Poliwrath_(Pok%C3%A9mon)#Origin|title=Poliwrath (Pokémon) - Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia |website=bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net |access-date=2018-02-17}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Politoed_(Pok%C3%A9mon)#Origin|title=Politoed (Pokémon) - Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia |website=bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net |access-date=2018-02-17}} 29. ^{{Cite web |url=https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Seismitoad_(Pok%C3%A9mon)#Origin|title=Seismitoad (Pokémon) - Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia|website=bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net |access-date=2018-02-17}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Greninja_(Pok%C3%A9mon)#Origin|title=Greninja (Pokémon) - Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia|website=bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net |access-date=2018-02-17}} 31. ^{{Cite news|title=Pepe the Frog's Creator: I'm Reclaiming Him. He Was Never About Hate|first=Matt|last=Furie|date=October 13, 2016|work=Time|accessdate=November 19, 2017|url=http://time.com/4530128/pepe-the-frog-creator-hate-symbol/}} 32. ^{{Cite news|title=Pepe the Frog: yes, a harmless cartoon can become an alt-right mascot|first=Oren|last=Segal|date=September 29, 2016|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/29/pepe-the-frog-alt-right-mascot-racist-anti-semitic|accessdate=November 19, 2017}} 33. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2913151.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=3 April 2003 |access-date=12 April 2015}} 34. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/freddo-frog-creator-dies/2007/01/28/1169919213311.html |title=Freddo The Frog creator dies |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=29 January 2007}} 35. ^{{cite news | title=Protection for frog cake | work=The Advertiser | date=12 September 2001 | page=9 }} 36. ^{{cite book | title=The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words, Volume One | first1=Graham | last1=Chapman | first2=John | last2=Cleese | first3=Terry | last3=Gilliam | first4=Eric | last4=Idle | first5=Terry | last5=Jones | first6=Michael | last6=Palin | editor-first=Roger | editor-last=Wilmut | year=1989 | publisher=Pantheon Books | location=New York, New York | isbn=0-679-72647-0 | pages=71–73}} 37. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/7/30/j-k-rowling-web-chat-transcript |title=J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript |date=30 July 2007 |accessdate=30 July 2007 |publisher=The Leaky Cauldron |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vvbdSBaZ?url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/7/30/j-k-rowling-web-chat-transcript |archivedate=22 January 2011 |deadurl=no}} External links
2 : Frogs|Amphibians in human culture |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。