“Frontier Force Regiment”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Frontier Force Regiment is one of six infantry regiments of the Pakistan Army. They are popularly known as the "Piffers" (a reference to the former PIF (Punjab Irregular Force) or as the "FF" (i.e. frontier force). The regiment takes its name from the historic North-West Frontier.

Most ancestor units of the regiment are Punjabi or Pathan infantry regiments. However the oldest ancestor unit is the Scinde Camel Corps raised in 1843. Another ancestor unit is the infantry component of the celebrated Corps of Guides of the British Indian Army (which was partially a cavalry unit). Despite being a Pakistani regiment, the Frontier Force Regiment is also the successor to several Sikh regiments because Sikh units were used on the North-West Frontier during the British Raj.

At present, the regiment consists of 47 battalions and has its regimental depot at Abbottabad in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.^[2] For that reason Abbottabad is also known as the "Home of Piffers".^[2]^[3] Currently the regiment includes both mechanised and motorised infantry battalions. There are also some armoured and artillery battalions which were raised from the strength of the Frontier Force or one of its predecessor regiments.

The Frontier Force Regiment is Pakistan's third oldest regiment in terms of the date of most recent amalgamation, after the Punjab and Baloch. The regiment was amalgamated in 1957 through the amalgamation of three Pakistan Army regiments,^[4] all with their origins in two regiments which had been transferred to Pakistan from the British Indian Army at the time of the independence of Pakistan in 1947. These two regiments were the Frontier Force Regiment and the Frontier Force Rifles. The third component, the Pathan Regiment, had been raised after independence from elements of the former two. The merger took place when a major reorganisation of regiments was carried out in the Pakistan Army.^[5]

The FF battalions have fought in several wars along Pakistan's borders. They have also served overseas, having been deployed to Saudi Arabia, and also to Somalia as part of a United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia, some of the Piffer battalions participated in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993.^[7]

The battalions are divided under independent formations and are commanded by their formation commander. Training and record keeping is undertaken by the regimental depot, which is usually commanded by a brigadier. The regiment's highest-ranking officer is given the honorary title of "Colonel Commandant" (usually to a Lieutenant-General) and "Colonel-in-Chief", if the highest-ranking officer is the Chief of Army Staff or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.

Origins

The Frontier Force Regiment came into being in 1957 with the amalgamation of the Frontier Force Regiment, the Frontier Force Rifles and the Pathan Regiment, all of which had their origins in the British Indian Army. During the 1840s, after the first and second Anglo-Sikh Wars, Colonel Sir Henry Lawrence, the Honourable East India Company's agent to the Lahore Durbar (brother of the later Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence) sanctioned the raising of the Corps of Guides and a number of infantry regiments by incorporating veterans from the disbanded Sikh Khalsa army. During the early 1850s some of Lawrence's Sikh regiments were designated the "Punjab Irregular Force", giving rise to the "Piffer" nickname which the Regiment carries to the present day, and through a series of reorganisations that culminated in 1922, these units would eventually become the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and 13th Frontier Force Rifles. The use of the pre-fixing regimental numbers was discontinued in 1945, the two regiments becoming the Frontier Force Regiment and the Frontier Force Rifles, and both regiments were transferred to Pakistan by the United Kingdom in 1947, on the independence to British India.^[5]^[6]

The Pathan Regiment was raised after independence from the 4th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment and the 4th and 15th Battalions of the Frontier Force Rifles. Initially the regimental depot was at Dera Ismail Khan but it relocated to Kohat in 1949 and was later merged into the Frontier Force Regiment with its regimental depot at Abbottabad.^[7] Fifteen of the modern Frontier Force Regiment's 52 battalions trace their origins back to British Indian Army units, as tabulated below.

Composition

At present, the Frontier Force Regiment musters 67 infantry battalions, some of which are mechanised or motorised with the remainder known colloquially as "foot infantry".{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} Each battalion is subdivided into four companies, normally named Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta.^[9] The regiment also includes armoured and artillery units, established from among its strength.^[10] All Piffer battalions serve alongside other Pakistan Army units in mixed formations; operational control resides with the appropriate brigade, whereas administrative control remains with the Frontier Force regimental depot. The regiment recruits mostly from the Pashtun tribes of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, although officers and other ranks from all over Pakistan have served and continue to serve in the regiment. Prior to 2000, the Piffers had been standardised to include equal numbers of Pashtuns and Punjabis in its non-officer ranks,^[11] but in 2000, this composition was amended to include 10% Sindhis and 5% Balochis, reducing the quota of Punjabis to 35%. This measure was intended to diminish segregation within the Army.^[12]

Headquarters

The regiment is currently based in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa's city of Abbottabad, which also houses the depots of the Baloch Regiment and the Army Medical Corps. The city was originally the headquarters of the Frontier Force Rifles prior to their merger with the Frontier Force Regiment and the Pathan Regiment (then based at Sialkot and Kohat respectively).^[5] The Abbottabad depot is responsible for the regiment's basic recruit training. Initially recruits are trained for a period of 36 weeks.^[13] Since 1981 has housed the Piffer Museum, which records the Piffer's regimental history. The museum's collection includes medals, weapons, dress and insignia, portraits and flags, history books, albums, paintings, cutlery and musical instruments.^[4]^[14] Abbottabad is also home to the Piffer Memorial, a {{convert|28|ft|m}} tall obelisk built of sandstone known as Yadgar-e-Shuhada. This was originally erected at Kohat by Field Marshal William Birdwood on 23 October 1924 in the memory of those killed in World War I,^[15] but in 1964 on the orders of the then Commander-in-Chief General Muhammad Musa, it was moved to Abbottabad. It was unveiled in Abbottabad in April 1965. A Roll of Honour is displayed around the memorial on plates, and wreath-laying ceremonies are held on important national days and by visitors. Later a replica of the memorial was built at its original location at Kohat in 2001.^[16]

Kashmir dispute

Since independence in 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and one minor war, and have been involved in an ongoing conflict since 1984.^[17] The casus belli for most of these is the dispute between the two countries over the status of the state of Kashmir.^[18]^[19]^[20] Piffers participated in each of these conflicts with the participation in the war of 1947 by its founding formations.^[4]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Concerned by what it saw as Indian attempts to absorb the disputed region of Kashmir, in 1965 Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar to forment a popular uprising against Indian control in Jammu and Kashmir.^[21] However, the operation did not produce the hoped-for results, and following a period of escalating clashes between Indian and Pakistani troops and irregulars from April to September, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 began. Also known as the Second Kashmir War (the first having been fought in 1947), the five-week conflict led to territorial gains and losses, and caused thousands of casualties, on both sides,^[22] before ending in a United Nations mandated ceasefire^[23] followed by Russian mediation.^[24]

The Frontier Force Regiment's units participated in the war in all active sectors along the Indo-Pakistani border, including Kashmir, Chhamb, Sialkot, Lahore, Khemkaran and Rajasthan. The 6th and 12th FF were involved in the advance on the Chhamb–Jaurian–Akhnur axis,^[25] and the 6th FF also fought in the Badiana-Chawinda-Pasrur axis, along with the Guides Cavalry, the 11th Cavalry, 1st SP Artillery and the 3rd, 4th, 9th, 13th and 14th FF, where the largest tank battle at that time since World War II was fought.^[26]^[27] The 3rd FF Battalion, while defending the border opposite Maharajke, was run over by the Indian Army's armoured division.^[28] The 7th, 11th, 15th and 16th FF took part in the defence of Lahore; the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 10th FF took part in the capture of Khem Karan in the Kasur Sector, and the 8th and 18th FF made significant gains in the Rajhistan Sector. Some fighting continued after the ceasefire, and two months later in the Rajhistan Sector, the 23rd FF re-captured the Sadhewala Post.^[29] The three Piffer armoured regiments successfully repulsed the Indian offensive in the Sialkot sector, while the Guides Cavalry turned back repeated assaults from India's 1st Armoured Division.^[30] Another armoured regiment (the 11th Cavalry) also fought at Chhamb as part of the newly raised 6th Armoured Division.^[31] The 1st SP Field Artillery, while providing fire support in the battle of Chawinda, lost their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Rehman.^[32] Recognizing their combat performance, the unit was authorised to wear red piping on their collars.^[33]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

In 1971, following a divisive election result, civil war broke out in the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between the West Pakistani administrative authorities and the majority local population. India, to where many of East Pakistan's exiled political leaders and refugees from the fighting had fled, provided support for the dissidents including arming and training a Bangladeshi irregular force (the Mukti Bahini).^[34] To relieve pressure on their forces in the east, in December 1971 Pakistani forces launched a pre-emptive attack on India from the west, which was only partially successful and met with massive retaliation. Fighting on two fronts, Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire after the surrender of her forces in the east and territorial losses in the west (later ceded back to Pakistan following the 1972 Simla Agreement).^[35]^[36]

Piffer units fought in both east and west. The 31st FF, Pakistan's first national service battalion, raised in November 1971 just before the war, was deployed at Lahore and in the Khemkaran Sector. In East Pakistan, the 4th and 13th FF were present at the Battle of Hilli, where 4th FF held its position until ordered out.^[37] Major Muhammad Akram of the 4th FF was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest award for gallantry, the Nishan-e-Haider. Other units which operated from East Pakistan were the 12th, 15th, 22nd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 30th and 38th FF. They became prisoners of war once Dhaka fell to the Indian army in December 1971.^[38]

In West Pakistan, the 11th Cavalry saw heavy fighting in the Chhamb sector. The 2nd FF Battalion, while defending Shisabladi post at Kashmir sector, drove back an Indian brigade.^[39] Along with 2nd FF 3rd, 5th, 17th and 33rd FF also operated in the Kashmir sector. In the Sialkot sector, the 19th, 23rd, 27th, 29th, 35th and 37th FF took part in fighting. The 35th FF Battalion suffered heavy casualties in an offensive at Jarpal, the area captured a day before.^[40]^[41] An Indian commander, Lieutenant-Colonel V P Airy, of the 3rd Grenadier Guards who fought against 35th FF said: "35 FF's immortal attack won their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Akram Raja, a posthumous Hilal-i-Jur'at, with the highest compliment a gallant soldier could receive".^[42]

The 8th and 18th FF fought on the Lahore front. In the Sulemanki sector, the 6th FF gained fame when it captured the Beriwala Bridge on Sabuna Drain on 3 December^[43] and repulsed five attempts by opposition forces to retake it.^[44] Major Shabbir Sharif, a holder of the Sitara-e-Jurat from the 1965 conflict, was awarded a posthumous Nishan-e-Haider. The 36th FF also fought in the Sulemanki sector, and the 20th, 21st, and 39th FF saw action in the Rajhisthan sector.^[45] After enemy offensive the 21st and 39th FF withdrew from Parbat Ali, a stronghold in that sector.^[46]^[47]

Siachen conflict

As a result of a vague demarcation of territory in the 1972 Simla Accord, both Pakistan and India lay claim to the Siachen Glacier, which lies in the eastern Karakorum mountain range at altitudes of up to {{convert|18875|ft|m}}. Following a period of tension, in April 1984 the Indian Army launched Operation Meghdoot with the aim of capturing the glacier.^[48] Pakistan responded in kind, but Indian troops had already occupied the major mountain passes west of the glacier and captured many strategic points. Both countries established military posts, and from 1984 until 2003, intermittent fighting took place.^[49] The conflict is remarkable for the harsh conditions under which it was fought—on average, one Pakistani soldier died every fourth day, with most of the casualties caused by the severe climate.^[50]^[51]

A number of Piffer units were deployed to the world's highest battleground,^[52] including the 3rd, 4th, 8th, 24th, 26th, 28th, 31st, 36th, 38th, 39th and 47th FF. In addition, some Northern Light Infantry Battalions, who were the first to arrive, were led by Piffer officers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} Frontier Force casualties in the conflict include three officers, two junior commissioned officers, and 81 other ranks killed in action.^[53]

Kargil War

The town and district of Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir lies on the Line of Control (LOC), the de facto border between Pakistan and India in the Kashmir region. In May 1999 elements in the Pakistan Armed Forces covertly trained and sent troops and paramilitary forces into Indian territory. The aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier, thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute.^[54] The Kargil Conflict was triggered when Pakistan occupied around 130 Indian observation posts on the Indian side of the LOC. As India responded, regular Pakistan army units were called up.^[55]

The 19th, 33rd, 38th and 44th FF Battalions, and some Piffer officers serving in Northern Light Infantry battalions, participated in the conflict.^[56] In total four officers and twenty four other ranks were killed in action.^[57] The war ended after the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, agreed to call the troops back on July 4, 1999, after meeting with U.S President Bill Clinton.^[58]

International duty

Operations

The Frontier Force Regiment has served outside Pakistan in various multinational and peacekeeping roles. From 1981 to 1988, the Piffer's mechanised infantry battalions were stationed at Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, as part of a Pakistani armoured brigade allocated for the defence of the Islamic holy land.^[53] However, the brigade was withdrawn after the Government of Pakistan was unable to accede to a Saudi request that only Sunnis be included in the troops sent to their land. Then President of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq said, there was no discrimination in the Pakistan Armed Forces.^[59]

Pakistan formed part of the multinational coalition force that participated in the 1991 Gulf War. Deploying up to 5,500 troops in a strictly defensive role,^[60]^[61] the Pakistani contingent included the 63rd FF Battalion, which was stationed at Tabuk and Arar until the cessation of hostilities.^[53] The early 1990s also saw Pakistan's increased participation in UN peacekeeping operations. In 1992, the 7th FF Battalion spearheaded the UN military mission to Somalia. The US Marine landing on Mogadishu beach was in an area secured by the 7th FF,^[62] and the 5th, 8th and 15th FF were also deployed to the region. On October 3, 1993, the 15th FF's Quick Reaction Force participated in the Pakistani-led rescue operation of a force of US Rangers that had become pinned down in Mogadishu; contrary to the fictionalised depiction of events in the movie Black Hawk Down, a number of Rangers were taken to safety in the 15th's armoured personnel carriers.^[63]^[53]^[64]

Following the operation the United Nations Secretary General's Special Representative, Admiral Jonathan Howe and UNOSOM Force Commander, Lieutenant General Çevik Bir appreciated Pakistani troops' efforts and thanked them for helping the US troops.^[65] Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia while praising Pakistani forces' said in a television interview, "Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances. Such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people."^[66]

Exercises

The 35th FF Battalion participated in Cambrian Patrol and won Gold medal in 2010.^[67] Cambrian Patrol is a three-day military exercise organized by 160th (Wales) Brigade (part of 5th Infantry Division) of the British Army in Wales.^[68] The exercise involves various military drills including: Battle Procedure, Orders, Infiltration, Target Reconnaissance, Support to Friendly Forces, Battlefield Drills, Exfiltration, and Debriefing.^[69] The other participant countries include USA, Canada, Germany, France, India.^[70]^[71]

Commanders

Colonels in Chief

The officers of the regiment who are promoted to the designation of Chief of Army Staff are known as Colonels in Chief. It is an honorary appointment. The FF regiment has only three Colonels in Chief since its formation.^[72]

Colonel Commandants

The Colonel Commandant is an honorary designation given to the highest-ranked officer in service of the regiment. The Colonel Commandants since the creation of the regiment are listed below:

Battle honours

Piffers have won many honours for their gallantry deeds in each battle. They were also awarded foreign medals before the independence of Pakistan, including Victoria Cross. The Pakistani medals and honours bestowed upon Piffers are listed here:

Nishan-e-Haider recipients

Nishan-e-Haider is the highest military award given posthumously for valour, in Pakistan. The recipients of Nishan-e-Haider from the Frontier Force Regiment are:

When the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out, Major Muhammad Akram was commanding a company of 4th FF Battalion. His company was involved in the Battle of Hilli. On the opposite side India had an Infantry brigade with the support of a tank squadron which were making way for the 20th Mountain Division. Major Akram and his men fought for a whole fortnight against enemy who was superior both in number and fire power. Hilli was the only battle sector where the fight continued even after the Fall of Dhaka on December 16, 1971. Major Akram died in action while defending in an epic manner after defying surrender. For his sacrifice he was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider.^[77]

On December 3, 1971, Major Shabbir Sharif who was commanding a company of 6th FF Regiment near Sulemanki headworks, was assigned the task of capturing the high ground overlooking the Gurmukh Khera and Beriwala villages in the Sulemanki sector. On the opposite side India had more than a company of the Assam Regiment which was supported by a squadron of tanks.

Also among the hurdles were an enemy minefield and a defensive canal, {{convert|30|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|10|ft|m}} deep. Shabbir Sharif succeeded in capturing the area by early evening on December 3. In this fight 43 Indian soldiers were killed, 28 were taken prisoner and four tanks were destroyed.

Shabbir Sharif repelled repeated counterattacks by the opposing forces for the next three days and nights and kept strategically better position, holding two Indian battalions at bay. On the night of December 5/ 6, during one of the enemy attacks, Sharif hopped out of his trench, killed the enemy Company Commander of 4th Jat Regiment and recovered important documents from his possession. In another attack on the morning of December 6, Shabbir Sharif took over an anti-tank gun from his gunner, and while engaging enemy tanks, he was killed in action by a direct hit from a tank. Major Shabbir Sharif already a recipient of Sitara-e-Jurat, was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider for his sacrifice.^[77]

Hilal-i-Jur'at recipients

Hilal-i-Jur'at is the second highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Hilal-i-Jur'at are:

Sitara-e-Jurat recipients

Sitara-e-Jurat is the third highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Sitara-e-Jurat are:

VC recipients

The Victoria Cross is the highest battle order of Britain, awarded for valour. As the Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments, so this award was received by following Piffers:^[78]

MC recipients

The Military Cross is the third highest battle honour of Britain, awarded for valour. The Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments so this award was received by following Piffers:^[79]

Legion d'Honneur recipients

Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur, the third of the five classes of the Légion d'honneur was awarded by the Republic of France for securing areas of Indo-China in 1946. The only Piffer to have received this distinction:

Legion of Merit recipients

This is the highest military decoration that may be bestowed by the US Government upon a foreign national. Piffers who received the Legion of Merit are:

Member of the Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.) – Military

This is the fourth class of the Order of the British Empire. Piffers who received the military division of the MBE are:

Motto and colours

The motto of the regiment is Labbaik, an Arabic word, which means Here I Come. It is commonly used as an invocation to respond to Allah's call for pilgrimage during Hajj, the annual Muslims pilgrimage.^[80] Before 1970, each Piffer unit had its own motto but on the whole the regiment had no motto, so it was decided at the Piffer Conference in 1970 to adopt Labbaik as the regimental motto. The official meaning of this motto is:^[81]

Piffers wear the same basic khaki uniform as in other regiments in the Pakistan Army, although the rank colour differs with Piffer personnel wearing rank insignia that are black with a red background. They also wear a badge on the shoulder strap of the uniform with "FF Regiment" written of it that uses the same colour combination. The colour of the Piffers' beret is rifle green with the insignia of the regiment at front. The Sam Browne belt worn by members of the regiment, which was designed by General Sir Sam Browne, is black in colour.^[82]^[83] The battle dress uniform worn by the regiment is camouflage with same distinctions as those that are worn on the khaki uniform.

Alliances

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite journal | author =General Rob Lockhart | title =The Punjab Frontier Force: A century of service | journal = The Asiatic review| volume = 45–46 | page = 667 | location =London | publisher = London : Westminster Chamber | oclc = 1780097 | doi = | accessdate = 18 March 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s1MQAAAAIAAJ&dq=Piffer&q=Abbottabad#search_anchor| year =1949 }}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Arshad Qureshi|first=Hakeem|title=The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier's Narrative|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-19-579778-7|page=249|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=HsptT7OWEYOZhQfcqvigBw&id=bQpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=1971+war&q=Frontier+Force#search_anchor}}
3. ^Kathryn Cramer: Google Earth Dynamic Overlay for Pakistan Now Available! (Plus "Home of the Piffers" and a Dragon Hunt)
4. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Frontier Force Regiment|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-ff.htm|work=Pakistan Army Infantry Regiments|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
5. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web| url=http://orbat.com/site/history/open1/pakistan_ffr.html| title=Pakistan: The Frontier Force Regiment| work=Orbat.com website| publisher=Ravi Rikhye| last=Mahmud| first=Babar| year=2002| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226063939/http://orbat.com/site/history/open1/pakistan_ffr.html| archivedate=2008-02-26| df=}}
6. ^{{cite book| chapter=12th Frontier Force Regiment| title=Sons of John Company: the Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903-91| last=Gaylor| first=John|publisher=Spellmount|year=1992|isbn=978-0946771981|page=173}}
7. ^{{cite web| url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/pathan_regiment.html| title=The Pathan Regiment| work=Orbat.com website| publisher=Ravi Rikhye| last=Bajwa| first=Mandeep Singh| year=2002| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214100602/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/pathan_regiment.html| archivedate=2007-12-14| df=}} Note that there is an error in this source. 4/12 was a Frontier Force Regiment battalion, not a Frontier Force Rifles btn.
8. ^¹Condon (1962), p. 592
9. ^Pakistan Army Infantry Divisions {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/664toauNi?url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/pk%5Eard.html |date=2012-03-11 }}
10. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=10}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=M. Chengappa|first=Bidanda|title=Pakistan Islamisation, army and foreign policy|year=2005|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=7zRVT_LmBaaM4gTnofyvDQ&id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&dq=Frontier+Force+Regiment+%22Frontier+Force+Regiment%22+Pakistan&q=Frontier+Force+Regiment+%22Frontier+Force+Regiment#v=snippet&q=Frontier%20Force%20Regiment%20%22Frontier%20Force%20Regiment&f=false}}
12. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|pp=15–16}}
13. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=RSN|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4|page=397|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=7zRVT_LmBaaM4gTnofyvDQ&id=wCm2DFZblOYC&dq=Frontier+Force+Regiment+%22Frontier+Force+Regiment%22+Pakistan&q=Frontier+Force+Regiment+%22Frontier+Force+Regiment#v=snippet&q=Frontier%20Force%20Regiment%20%22Frontier%20Force%20Regiment&f=false}}
14. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=17}}
15. ^{{harv|Rahman|1980|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lopIAAAAMAAJ&q=Piffer&dq=Piffer&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q1JmT4eZJ4WIhQfF6OSrCA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw 12]}}
16. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=19}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Paul|first=T.V.|title=The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67126-2|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2k6v-Rva5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
18. ^{{cite book|last=Kort|first=Michael|title=Weapons of Mass Destruction (Global Issues (Facts on File))|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-7827-1|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPqsMgZlNw4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14746985|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
20. ^{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
21. ^{{cite book|last=Kux|first=Dennis|title=India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991|year=1993|publisher=National Defense University Press|location=Washington DC|isbn=978-0-7881-0279-0|pages=235–239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
22. ^{{cite book|author = Thomas M. Leonard | title = Encyclopedia of the developing world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806|accessdate=14 April 2011 | year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97663-3|pages=806–}}
23. ^{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=Vaughan|title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-19-953343-5|page=646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OEvlc2BgzsC&pg=PA646&dq=Indo+Pak+war+of+1965+ceasefire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mAthT6-HPMWZhQfA69ylBw&ved=0CGYQ6AEwCQ#v=snippet&q=ceasefire%20India&f=false}}
24. ^{{cite book|last=D. Sisk|first=Timothy|title=International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-47705-5|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmlsagMfqR4C&pg=PA170&dq=Indo+Pak+war+of+1965+ceasefire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mAthT6-HPMWZhQfA69ylBw&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=snippet&q=cease-fire%20through%20UN%20Security%20Council&f=false}}
25. ^{{cite book|last=Cloughley|first=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-19-579374-1|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UvfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22FF+Battalion%22&dq=%22FF+Battalion%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QFFkT8KwF4SyhAfrwJmFCA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgK}}
26. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbakhsh|title=War despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict, 1965|year=1990|publisher=Lancer|location=India|isbn=978-81-7062-117-1|pages=165–167|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=wLBkT9PBAZSDhQfUxeyaCA&id=brQeo3kQFm4C&dq=Chawinda&q=Frontier+Force#v=snippet&q=Frontier%20Force&f=false}}
27. ^{{cite book|last=Brzoska|first=Michael|title=Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-Escalation, and Negotiation|year=1994|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-87249-982-9|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=cN9lT7LrOcXOhAeJ_dDvAQ&id=to7hS3Wlro4C&dq=India+Pakistan+war+of+1965&q=Sialkot#v=snippet&q=Sialkot&f=false}}
28. ^{{Cite journal|author=Agha Humayun Amin |year=2001 |title=Battle of Chawinda: Comedy of Higher Command Errors |journal=Defence Journal |volume=4 |issue=8 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm |accessdate=16 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144243/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df= }}
29. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=11}}
30. ^{{cite book|last=Husain|first=Abrar|title=Men of Steel: 6 Armoured Division in the 1965 War|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-969-8125-19-6|pages=30–46}}
31. ^{{cite book |author=Bhupinder Singh|title=1965 War: Role of Tanks in India-Pakistan War |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=EONsT8XnAcf80QX3v7i4Bg&id=6DDHAAAAIAAJ&dq=Rajasthan+1965+war&q=FF#search_anchor |accessdate=23 March 2012|year=1982 |publisher=B.C. Publishers|asin=B0061UKCOC|asin-tld=co.uk|page=151}}
32. ^{{cite book|last=Husain|first=Abrar|title=Men of Steel: 6 Armoured Division in the 1965 War|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-969-8125-19-6|page=27}}
33. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=158&rnd=458 | title =Frontier Force Regiment | publisher =Pakistan Army | accessdate =16 March 2012}}
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35. ^{{cite book|last=Praval|first=KC|title=Indian Army after Independence|year=2009|publisher=Lancer|isbn=978-1-935501-10-7|pages=504–513|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4p8tHVpzbGUC&pg=PA512&dq=1972+the+Simla+Agreement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_UBzT6qhIsrPhAehtvmlBQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=1972%20the%20Simla%20Agreement&f=false}}
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37. ^{{harv|Rahman|1980|pp=112–118}}
38. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=12}}
39. ^{{harv|Singh|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=lvhtT5LhKtCO4gSuj63AAg&id=LF9PLnU0zA4C&dq=1971+Indo-Pak+War+%22Frontier+Force%22&q=2+Frontier+Force#v=snippet&q=2%20Frontier%20Force&f=false 47]}}
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41. ^{{harv|Singh|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=awJuT8PaHeih0QXY-dSNAg&id=JynHxapIMcwC&dq=Beriwala+bridge&ots=kbfMYSttGO&q=Jarpal#v=snippet&q=Jarpal&f=false 100–102]}}
42. ^{{harv|Rahman|1980|p=170}}
43. ^{{harv|Singh|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=lvhtT5LhKtCO4gSuj63AAg&id=LF9PLnU0zA4C&dq=1971+Indo-Pak+War+%22Frontier+Force%22&q=Frontier+Force#v=snippet&q=Frontier%20Force&f=false 196–197]}}
44. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit|title=With Honour & Glory: Wars Fought By India 1947–1999|year=2001|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-109-6|pages=111–114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JynHxapIMcwC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=Beriwala+bridge&source=bl&ots=kbfMYSttGO&sig=VgWO-6rNlhXDHLh0dcsiRuMf9q4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=awJuT8PaHeih0QXY-dSNAg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Beriwala%20bridge&f=false}}
45. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|pp=12–13}}
46. ^{{cite book|last=P. Barua|first=Pradeep|title=The State at War in South Asia (Studies in War, Society, and the Militar)|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=cAhuT5TXEtKXhQe368WZBw&id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=parbat+ali&q=parbat+ali#v=snippet&q=parbat%20ali&f=false}}
47. ^{{harv|Singh|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=lvhtT5LhKtCO4gSuj63AAg&id=LF9PLnU0zA4C&dq=1971+Indo-Pak+War+%22Frontier+Force%22&q=21+Frontier+Force#v=snippet&q=21%20Frontier%20Force&f=false 225]}}
48. ^Sciachen & LoC
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50. ^Siachen: The Stalemate Continues {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826223753/http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/apr1999/3.9.html |date=2005-08-26 }}
51. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4581615.stm | work=BBC News | title=No breakthrough in Siachen talks | date=May 27, 2005 | accessdate=May 3, 2010}}
52. ^VAUSE, Mikel. Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.
53. ^¹²³{{harv|Akram|2002|p=14}}
54. ^{{cite book | author=Robert G. Wirsing | title=Kashmir in the Shadow of War: regional rivalries in a nuclear age | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2003 |isbn=0-7656-1090-6}} Pg 38
55. ^{{cite book|author=Pervez Musharraf | title=A Memoir | publisher=Free Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-7432-8344-9|oclc=237066528}}
56. ^{{cite book|last=S Ludra|first=Kuldip|title=The Kargil strike: A study of the failure of Indian strategic thought|year=2000|publisher=T.K.S. Ludra|isbn=978-81-901218-9-7|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VJwAAAAMAAJ&q=Siachen+FF&dq=Siachen+FF&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MqF0T5DTFJGgOsuo3Ew&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ}}
57. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=15}}
58. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/386537.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan and the Kashmir militants | date=July 5, 1999 | accessdate=May 3, 2010}}
59. ^{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DA1E31F937A2575BC0A966958260 | work=The New York Times | title=CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia | first=Barbara | last=Crossette | date=August 14, 1990 | accessdate=May 3, 2010}}
60. ^Public Diplomacy Query (PDQ)
61. ^{{cite book|title=Military Lessons of the Gulf War|last=W. Watson|first=Bruce|author2=Bruce George|author3=Peter Tsouras|author4=B. L. Cyr|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1991|isbn=1-85367-103-7|editor=Bruce W. Watson|pages=80–143}}
62. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215943/http://www.ispr.gov.pk/Multimedia/UN%20Peace%20Keeping/UNSOM.htm]
63. ^¹{{cite book| url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm | title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994 | first=Dr. Richard W.| last=Stewart| location=Washington D.C.| publisher= United States Army Center of Military History| id=CMH Pub 70-81-1| year=2006| pages=22–23}}
64. ^{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|year=2006|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-8344-1|pages=75–76}}
65. ^{{cite web|title=UNOSOM|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=57&rnd=200|work=UN Peace Keeping Missions|publisher=Pakistan Army|accessdate=11 February 2012}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=UN Somalia Operations|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=71&rnd=213|work=Tributes to the Pakistani Peacekeepers|publisher=Pakistan Army|accessdate=11 February 2012}}
67. ^{{cite news|last=Haider|first=Ejaz|title=Tactical wins; strategic losses|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/67061/tactical-wins-strategic-losses/|accessdate=18 March 2012|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=25 October 2010}}
68. ^{{cite web|title=Cambrian Patrol|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/TrainingandExercises/CambrianPatrol/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512053323/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/TrainingandExercises/CambrianPatrol/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=12 May 2010|work=Training and Exercises|publisher=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|accessdate=18 March 2012|df=}}
69. ^{{cite web|title=Exercise Cambrian Patrol 2010 (CP 10)|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/54BA13CC-7F1C-43CB-9A27-DFF7F818F7EA/0/20101018_CP10UnitPXR_SO2G7Trg.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111206073125/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/54BA13CC-7F1C-43CB-9A27-DFF7F818F7EA/0/20101018_CP10UnitPXR_SO2G7Trg.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 December 2011|format=PDF|publisher=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|date=18 October 2010|page=1|accessdate=18 March 2012}}
70. ^{{Cite press release|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations|date=20 October 2010|title=Exercise Cambrian Patrol – United Kingdom|url=http://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=1552|accessdate=18 March 2012}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=Pakistan Army wins gold medal in Cambrian Patrol Exercise|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C21%5Cstory_21-10-2010_pg7_18|accessdate=18 March 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=21 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227095007/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C21%5Cstory_21-10-2010_pg7_18|archivedate=27 February 2012|df=}}
72. ^¹{{harv|Akram|2002|p=28}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif appointed as Col-in Chief of Frontier Force Regiment|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail/66768/2|accessdate=19 May 2014|date=4 May 2014|author=Radio Pakistan|agency=Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519183819/http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail/66768/2|archivedate=19 May 2014|df=}}
74. ^{{cite journal| url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/06/top12.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011201322/http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/06/top12.htm| dead-url=yes| archive-date=11 October 2008| journal=DAWN, internet edition| title=New corps commander for Multan| last=Sharif| first=Arshad| issue=6 May 2005 issue| date=5 May 2005| df=}}
75. ^{{cite news|title=Aabpara auditions|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120224&page=6printType=article|accessdate=August 2, 2017 |volume= Vol. XXIV, No. 02|newspaper=The Friday Times|date=February 24 – March 1, 2012}}
76. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=27}}
77. ^¹{{cite web| title=Nishan-E-Haider Series|url=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2001/nishan_e_haider.html| work=Pakistan Post Office website| accessdate=2008-02-10| year=2001}}
78. ^VC Burials Pakistan
79. ^Mc Burials Pakistan{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
80. ^Hajj Glossary, Tawaf (Circumnambulating Kaaba), Takbeer (Allahu Akbar), Talbiyah (Labbaik), Muzdalifa, Arafah, Kaffara
81. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|p=16}}
82. ^{{harv|Akram|2002|pp=16–17}}
83. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530165847/http://www.ispr.gov.pk/Multimedia/23%20Mar/images/109_JPG.jpg |date=May 30, 2008 }}
84. ^¹The Argylls, allied regiments, volunteers and the militia
85. ^{{cite web|title=The Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army|url=http://www.argylls.co.uk/regimental-family/allied-regiments/the-frontier-force-regiment-pakistan-army|work=Allied Regiments|publisher=The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders|accessdate=12 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229070359/http://www.argylls.co.uk/regimental-family/allied-regiments/the-frontier-force-regiment-pakistan-army|archivedate=29 February 2012|df=}}
86. ^Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders – Allied Regiments
87. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712162304/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regts/the_rifles/history_traditions/alliances.htm Alliances and Affiliations]
88. ^{{cite book|title=Handbook of British Regiments|date=May 1988|publisher=Routledge Kegan & Paul|isbn=978-0-415-00241-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNcNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Frontier+Force+Regiment+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pwGhT8KICNDP4QSD7pmtCQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Frontier%20Force%20Regiment%20Pakistan&f=false|author=Christopher Chant|accessdate=2 May 2012|page=183}}
89. ^{{cite web|title=Affiliations|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/rhq_r_irish/affiliations.htm|work=The Royal Irish Regiment|publisher=British Army|accessdate=2 May 2012|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706073939/http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/rhq_r_irish/affiliations.htm|archivedate=6 July 2007}}
90. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20030731080106/http://www.army.mod.uk/korbr/History/Regimental_Family.htm The Regimental Family]