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词条 Chief constable
释义

  1. History

  2. Characteristics of office

  3. Salaries

  4. Current chief officers (United Kingdom and Crown dependencies)

  5. Metropolitan Police

  6. See also

  7. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}

Chief Constable is the rank used by the chief police officer of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except for the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police, as well as the chief officers of the three 'special' national police forces, the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police, and Civil Nuclear Constabulary. The title is also held by the chief officers of the principal Crown Dependency police forces, the Isle of Man Constabulary, States of Guernsey Police Service, and States of Jersey Police. The title was also held, ex officio, by the president of the Association of Chief Police Officers under the Police Reform Act 2002.[1] It was also the title of the chief officer of the Royal Parks Constabulary until this agency was disbanded in 2004.

Throughout the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies there are currently fifty chief constables. These consist of the chief officers of 37 English territorial forces outside London, four Welsh territorial forces, the Police Service of Scotland, the Police Service of Northern Ireland, three special national forces and three Crown Dependency constabularies.

The chief officers of some police departments in Canada also hold the title of chief constable. The chief officer of the Sovereign Base Areas Police also holds the title of chief constable.

History

The title is a derived from the original local parish constables of the 18th century and earlier. Constable and constabulary were terms adopted in an attempt to provide a historical link with the older forces - the term is derived from the Latin comes stabuli (keeper of the stables)[2] - and to emphasise local control. Much of the debate about policing in the early 19th century, when modern police forces were introduced in the United Kingdom, concerned fears that the new forces might become paramilitary agents of central government control. To this day other British police ranks, such as inspector and superintendent, are determinedly non-paramilitary – only police sergeants hold a quasi-military rank and even then the term sergeant had long existed as a non-military officer of subordinate rank.

The County Police Act 1839 gave the counties of England and Wales the opportunity to establish full-time police forces, headed by a chief constable who was appointed by the justices of the peace of the county. The first county to implement this was Wiltshire Constabulary, which appointed Captain Samuel Meredith RN its first chief constable on 28 November 1839.[3] Other counties followed this pattern; for instance, Essex appointed its first chief constable on 11 February 1840.[4]

Originally, most borough police forces were commanded by a head constable, although this rank was superseded by chief constable in most forces in the later 19th century and early 20th century and was almost completely abolished by the Police Act 1919. Liverpool City Police was the only large force to retain it until then.

The first woman to hold the rank of chief constable was Pauline Clare, appointed Chief Constable of the Lancashire Constabulary on 14 June 1995.[5]

Characteristics of office

The population of areas for which chief constables are responsible varies from a few hundred thousand to two or three million and it is commonplace for chief constables for larger force areas to be drawn from the chief constables of smaller forces. A chief constable has no senior officer. Prior to 2012, a chief constable was responsible to a police authority. The chief constable is now appointed by the Police and Crime Commissioner of their service, who may also dismiss the chief constable.

The chief constable's badge of rank, worn on the epaulettes, consists of crossed tipstaves in a laurel wreath, surmounted by a crown.[6] This is similar to the insignia of a lieutenant-general in the British Army and is also worn by an assistant commissioner in the Metropolitan Police.

The chief constable is assisted by a deputy chief constable (DCC) and one or more assistant chief constables (ACC). The chief constable, DCC and ACCs are collectively known as the "chief officers" of a force.

Salaries

The salaries of chief constables vary from force to force, primarily on the basis of the population of their force's territory, but the amounts are fixed centrally. From 1 September 2010, the highest paid is the chief constable of Northern Ireland, on £193,548, in recognition of the unique security challenges and political sensitivity of that office. Other salaries range from £181,455 in Greater Manchester and the West Midlands, down to £127,017. The Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and their deputy are paid significantly more than any chief constable, partly because the Metropolitan Police has national anti-terrorism and security duties that overlap with other local forces. As of 2011, the commissioner earns an annual salary of £260,088, whilst their deputy earns £214,722.[7]

Current chief officers (United Kingdom and Crown dependencies)

The table below lists the chief officers of British and Crown dependency police forces. The majority of these officers are titled 'chief constable', but some hold other or additional titles such as commissioner or chief executive.

Police force Chief officer name Date appointed
Avon & Somerset Constabulary Andy Marsh[8]1 February 2016
Bedfordshire Policecountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}}[9]June 2015
British Transport Policecountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|OBE}} March 2014[10]
Cambridgeshire Constabulary Nick Dean[11]September 2018
Cheshire Constabularycountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}}June 2014[12]
City of London Police country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}} (Commissioner)[13]3 January 2016
Civil Nuclear Constabulary country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CBE}}[14] 2014
Cleveland Constabularycountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}} March 2018
Cumbria Constabulary Michelle Skeer[15]Acting since December 2015;[16] April 2018
Derbyshire Constabulary Peter Goodman 1 June 2017[17]
Devon and Cornwall Police Shaun Sawyer[18]February 2014[19]
Dorset Police Debbie Simpson[20]October 2012[21]
Durham Constabulary Mike Barton[22]October 2012[23]
Dyfed-Powys Police Mark Collins[24]January 2017[25]
Essex Constabulary Stephen Kavanagh[26]May 2013
Gloucestershire Constabulary [https://www.gloucestershire.police.uk/more-on-us/about-us/chief-officer-group/ Rod Hansen][27]February 2013[28]
Greater Manchester Police Ian HopkinsOctober 2015[29]
Gwent Constabulary Jeff FarrarJune 2013 (Temporary; substantive November 2013)[30]
Hampshire Constabulary Olivia Pinkney[31]April 2016
Hertfordshire Constabulary Charlie Hall, QPMOctober 2016
Humberside Constabulary Lee Freeman26 June 2017
Isle of Man Constabulary Gary Roberts[32]1 January 2013
Kent Police Alan Pughsley[33]January 2014
Lancashire Constabulary Andy Rhodes[34]July 2017
Leicestershire Constabulary Simon Cole, QPM[35]June 2010
Lincolnshire PoliceBill Skelly[36]February 2017[36]
Merseyside Constabularycountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}}[37]July 2016
Metropolitan Policecountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CBE|QPM}} (Commissioner)10 April 2017[38]
Ministry of Defence Police Andy Adams[39]17 May 2018[39]
Norfolk Constabularycountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}}25 October 2013[40]
North Wales Police Carl Foulkesdate=September 2018}}
Northamptonshire PoliceNick Adderley6 August 2018
Northumbria PoliceWinton Keenan[41]26 March 2018[41]
Merseyside Constabulary Steve Ashman[42]June 2015
North Yorkshire ConstabularyLisa Winward[43]
Nottinghamshire ConstabularyCraig Guildford[44]1 February 2017
Police Scotland Ian Livingstone,[45]
Police Service of Northern Irelandcountry=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}}June 2014[46]
South Wales Constabulary Matt Jukes, QPM[47]January 2018[47]
South Yorkshire Constabulary Stephen Watson[48]July 2016
Sovereign Base Areas Police Mick Matthews[49]
Staffordshire Constabulary Gareth MorganJune 2017[50]
States of Guernsey Police Service Patrick Rice (Chief Officer)
States of Jersey Police country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|QPM}} (Chief Officer)January 2011[51]
Suffolk Constabulary Gareth Wilson[52]January 2016
Surrey Constabulary Nick Ephgrave[53]July 2016
Sussex Constabulary Giles York
Thames Valley ConstabularyFrancis HabgoodApril 2015[54]
Warwickshire Constabulary Martin Jelley[55]1 April 2015
West Mercia Constabulary Anthony Bangham[56]August 2016
West Midlands Constabularycountry=GBR|size=100%|QPM}}January 2016[57]
West Yorkshire Police Dee Collins, CBE, QPM[58][59]Temporary from June 2014; Substantive as of 11 November 2016[60]
Wiltshire Constabulary Kier Pritchard[61]March 2018

Metropolitan Police

In London, the Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police are led by commissioners rather than chief constables. Chief constable was, however, a lower rank in the Metropolitan Police which existed between 1886 and 1946.

In 1869, the divisions of the Metropolitan Police were grouped into four districts, and four new officers called district superintendents were appointed to command them, ranking between the divisional superintendents and the two assistant commissioners. These officers were to be generally military officers, civil servants or lawyers who were directly appointed to the rank. This caused a certain amount of concern, since some saw it as the creation of an "officer class" for the police, which had always been resisted.

In 1886, the rank of district superintendent was renamed chief constable, as it was decided that it could be confused with the divisional superintendents. Unlike their superiors, chief constables were actually sworn into the office of constable, hence the name. A fifth chief constable was later created in the Criminal Investigation Department. The rank became junior to the new rank of deputy assistant commissioner in 1919.

In 1933, the districts were taken over by deputy assistant commissioners, with the chief constables remaining as their deputies. In 1946, the rank was renamed deputy commander.

The rank badge of a Metropolitan Police chief constable consisted of crossed tipstaves in a wreath.

See also

  • Law enforcement in Canada

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=all+primary&PageNumber=11&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112766&filesize=774 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120805225723/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=all+primary&PageNumber=11&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112766&filesize=774 |dead-url=yes |archivedate=5 August 2012 |title=President of ACPO |work=Police Reform Act 2002 }}
2. ^{{cite book|title=The Principles of Policing, p. 7|author = Pike, Michael S|publisher=The Macmillan Press Ltd|year=1985|isbn= 0-333-38245-5}}
3. ^Wiltshire Constabulary History, Wiltshire Police website
4. ^The Making of a Chief Constable {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092346/http://www.essex.police.uk/offbeat/o_mu_25.php |date=27 September 2007 }}, Essex Police website
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/first-woman-chief-constable-is-appointed-1586466.html|title=First woman chief constable is appointed|publisher=The Independent|date=15 June 1995}}
6. ^Police Ranks and Epaulette {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021524/http://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/information/students_researchers/ranks.aspx |date=27 September 2007 }}, Avon and Somerset Constabulary website
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm|title=Police Pay|work=police-information.co.uk}}
8. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/about-us/publication-scheme/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/senior-staff-profiles/chief-constable-andy-marsh/| title = Chief Constable Andy Marsh| publisher = Avon and Somerset Police| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.bedfordshire.police.uk/about_us/our_chief_constable.aspx| title = Our Chief Constable| publisher = Bedfordshire Police| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/our_people/chief_officers.aspx|accessdate =31 May 2014|title =Chief Officers|publisher =British Transport Police}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cambs.police.uk/information-and-services/About-us/Seniors|title=Cambridgeshire Constabulary - Senior Management|last=|first=|date=|website=Cambridgeshire Constabulary|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=27 October 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cheshire.police.uk/about-us/departments-and-structure/chief-officers.aspx|date=14 February 2015|publisher=Cheshire Constabuary|title=Chief Officers|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415195001/http://www.cheshire.police.uk/about-us/departments-and-structure/chief-officers.aspx|archivedate=15 April 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/about-us/chief-officer-team/Pages/Commissioner-Ian-Dyson.aspx|accessdate=28 September 2016|publisher=City of London Police|title=Commissioner}}
14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.cnc.police.uk/files/org_chart.pdf| title = CNC Ogganisation Chart 1 August 2013| publisher = Civil Nuclear Constabulary| accessdate = 17 May 2014| date = 1 August 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.cumbria.police.uk/About-Us/Chief-Constable-Michelle-Skeer.aspx | title=Chief Constable - Michelle Skeer | publisher=Cumbria Constabulary | accessdate=31 July 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.itv.com/news/border/2016-02-26/who-is-cumbria-police-chief-michelle-skeer/ | title=Who is Cumbria Police Chief Michelle Skeer? | work=Border - ITV News | date=26 February 2016 | accessdate=31 July 2018 }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.derbyshire.police.uk/About-us/Our-People/Chief-Officers.aspx|publisher=Derbyshire Constabulary|accessdate=23 September 2017|title=Chief Officers}}
18. ^{{cite web|url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21036459|publisher =BBC|date =16 January 2013|accessdate =21 May 2014|title = Shaun Sawyer to become Devon and Cornwall police chief}}
19. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.devonandcornwall-pcc.gov.uk/News-and-Events/News-Archive/2013/Shaun-Sawyer-CONFIRMED-as-new-Chief-Constable-for-Devon-and-Cornwall.aspx |title =Shaun Sawyer CONFIRMED as new Chief Constable for Devon and Cornwall |date = 16 January 2013 |accessdate = 21 May 2014}}
20. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.dorset.police.uk/Default.aspx?page=396|publisher =Dorset Police|accessdate =10 April 2015|title =Force Structure}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dorset.police.uk/pdf/CC_Simpson_Biog%20_2.pdf|title=Chief Constable Debbie Simpson|accessdate=10 April 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web|url =https://www.durham.police.uk/About-Us/Pages/default.aspx|publisher =Durham Constabulary|accessdate =10 April 2015|title =About Us}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.durham.police.uk/news-and-events/Pages/News%20Articles/New-chief-constable.aspx|accessdate=23 April 2015|publisher=Durham Police|title=New Chief Constable Appointed|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150423211145/https://www.durham.police.uk/news-and-events/Pages/News%20Articles/New-chief-constable.aspx|archivedate=23 April 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|url =https://www.dyfed-powys.police.uk/en/about-us/who-we-are/whos-who/chief-constable/|publisher =Dyfed-Powys Police|accessdate =4 March 2017 |title =Who's Who}}
25. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.dyfed-powys.police.uk/en/about-us/who-we-are/whos-who/chief-constable/|publisher =Dyfed-Powys Police|accessdate =10 April 2015|title =Who's Who}}
26. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.essex.police.uk/about/chief_officers/stephen_kavanagh.aspx|publisher =Essex Police|accessdate =10 April 2015|title =Chief Constable Stephan Kavanagh}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gloucestershire.police.uk/more-on-us/about-us/chief-officer-group/|title=Chief Officer Group|website=www.gloucestershire.police.uk|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-20950754|publisher=BBC|accessdate=10 March 2015|title=Suzette Davenport is Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Police}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Chief Officer Team|url=http://www.gmp.police.uk/content/section.html?readform&s=179AE29A6DBCD7F780257960004859F9|website=Greater Manchester Police|accessdate=2 November 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303074108/http://www.gmp.police.uk/content/section.html?readform&s=179AE29A6DBCD7F780257960004859F9|archivedate=3 March 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://corporate.gwent.police.uk/about-us/executiveteam/chief-constable/|title=Gwent Police: Chief Constable|publisher=|accessdate=2 August 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.hampshire.police.uk/internet/about-us/senior-management/| title = Senior Management Team| publisher = Hampshire Constabulary| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.im/about-the-government/departments/home-affairs/isle-of-man-constabulary/|title=Isle of Man Government - Isle of Man Constabulary|publisher=Isle of Man Government|accessdate=30 August 2015}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kent.police.uk/about_us/our_organisation/chief_officer_biogs/alan_pughsley.html|title=Alan Pughsley QPM biography - Kent Police|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022101720/http://www.kent.police.uk/about_us/our_organisation/chief_officer_biogs/alan_pughsley.html|archivedate=22 October 2015}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://lancashire.police.uk/chiefofficers|title=Lancashire Constabulary - Chief Officers|publisher=|accessdate=14 July 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://leics.police.uk/about-us/our-people/chief-constable|title=Chief Constable - Leicestershire Police|author=Leicestershire Police|publisher=|accessdate=5 August 2015}}
36. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.police.uk/lincolnshire/team/chief-constable-bill-skelly/|title=Chief Constable Bill Skelly, Lincolnshire Police - Police.uk|website=www.police.uk|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.merseyside.police.uk/about-us/chief-officer-group/chief-constable-andy-cooke-qpm/|title=Chief Constable, Andy Cooke, QPM|publisher=Merseyside Police|accessdate=28 September 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/world/2017/02/23/london-appoints-cressida-dick-first-woman-scotland-yard-chief|title=UK Appoints First Woman Scotland Yard Chief in 187-Year History|author=|date=|website=thequint.com|accessdate=4 April 2018}}
39. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/andy-adams-appointed-as-the-chief-constable-of-the-ministry-of-defence-police|title=Andy Adams appointed as the Chief Constable of the Ministry of Defence Police|work=GOV.UK|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.norfolk.police.uk/aboutus/ourpeople/ccsimonbailey.aspx|accessdate=30 August 2015|publisher=Norfolk Constanbulary|title=CC Simon Bailey}}
41. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16116560.New_chief_for_Northumbria_Police_announced/|title=New chief for Northumbria Police announced|author=Kelly, Jo|date=27 March 2018|website=The Northern Echo|accessdate=31 July 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.northumbria.police.uk/about_us/chief_officer_team/chief_constable/|accessdate=28 September 2016|title=Chief Constable - Chief Officer Team|publisher=Northumbria Police}}
43. ^{{Cite news|url=https://northyorkshire.police.uk/about/our-people/|title=Chief officer team|work=North Yorkshire Police|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nottinghamshire.police.uk/management/chief-officer-team|accessdate=13 April 2015|title=About Us - Chief Officer Team}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.police.uk/about-us/police-scotland/executive-team/|title=Executive Team - Police Scotland|first=Scottish Police Services|last=Authority|date=|website=www.scotland.police.uk|accessdate=4 April 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.policeoracle.com/news/Staff+Associations/2014/Jun/09/Appointment-date-set-for-new-chief_83299.html|publisher=Police Oracle|date=9 June 2014|accessdate=28 April 2015|title=Appointment date set for new Chief}}
47. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-41158634|title=New chief constable to be appointed|date=5 September 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.southyorks.police.uk/about-us/organisational-structure/|title=Organisational structure - SYP|publisher=|accessdate=16 May 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sbaadministration.org/images/police/docs/Annual_Report_2014-2015_Strategic_Plan_2015-2018.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2015|title=Sovereign Base Area Police Annual Report 14/15}}
50. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/new-staffordshire-police-chief-constable-gareth-morgan-outlines-vision-for-top-job/story-30398317-detail/story.html | title=New Staffordshire Police Chief Constable Gareth Morgan outlines priorities | work=Stoke Sentinel | date=19 June 2017 | author=Knapper, Dave | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619204242/https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/new-staffordshire-police-chief-constable-gareth-morgan-outlines-vision-for-top-job/story-30398317-detail/story.html | archivedate=19 June 2017 |deadurl=yes}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jersey.police.uk/about-us/command-team/chief-officer/|title=States of Jersey Police|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.suffolk.police.uk/about-us/our-organisation/our-people| title = Our people| publisher = Suffolk Constabulary| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
53. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.surrey.police.uk/about-us/senior-leaders/| title = Senior Leaders| publisher = Surrey Police| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-31848694|publisher=BBC|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=23 April 2015|title=Thames Valley Police announces new chief constable}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.warwickshire.police.uk/article/9176/Chief-Constable-Martin-Jelley|title=Warwickshire Police - Chief Constable Martin Jelley|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2015}}
56. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/4253/Chief-Constable-Anthony-Bangham| title = Chief Constable Anthony Bangham| publisher = West Mercia Police| accessdate = 28 September 2016}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.west-midlands.police.uk/keeping-you-safe/about-us/command-team/chief-constable/|publisher=West Midlands Police|accessdate=14 February 2015|title=Command Team - Chief Constable}}
58. ^{{cite web|publisher=West Yorkshire Police|accessdate=25 April 2015|url=https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/chiefofficerteam|title =Chief Officer Team}}
59. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/news-appeals/queens-birthday-honours-0|title=Queen’s Birthday Honours {{!}} West Yorkshire Police|website=www.westyorkshire.police.uk|accessdate=11 June 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/news/pcc-announces-new-chief-constable|accessdate=17 November 2016|date= 3 November 2016|title=PCC Announces New Chief Constable}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wiltshire.police.uk/about-us/force-structure/senior-management-team/3-mike-veale|publisher=Wiltshire Police|accessdate=28 September 2016|title=Wiltshire Police}}

3 : Chiefs of police|Police ranks|Police ranks in the United Kingdom
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