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词条 Future Imagery Architecture
释义

  1. History

  2. Launches

     Spacecraft 

  3. Successor program

  4. References

  5. External links

Future Imagery Architecture (FIA) was a program to design a new generation of optical and radar imaging US reconnaissance satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). In 2005 NRO director Donald Kerr recommended the project's termination, and the optical component of the program was finally cancelled in September 2005 by Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte. FIA has been called by The New York Times "perhaps the most spectacular and expensive failure in the 50-year history of American spy satellite projects."[1] Despite the optical component's cancellation, the radar component, known as Topaz, has continued, with four satellites in orbit as of February 2016.

History

In 1999 the development contract for FIA was awarded to a Boeing team, which underbid Lockheed Martin's competing proposal by about US$ 1 billion (inflation adjusted US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1|1999|r=2}}}} billion in {{Inflation-year|US}}).[2][3] By 2005, an estimated US$ 10 billion had been spent by the US government on FIA, including Boeing's accumulated cost overrun of US$ 4 to 5 billion,[4]

and it was estimated to have an accumulated cost of US$25 billion over the ensuing twenty years.[5] In September 2005 the contract for the electro-optical satellites was shifted to Lockheed Martin because of the cost overruns and delays of the delivery date.[6] Lockheed was asked to restart production of KH-11 Kennen satellite system with new upgrades.[1] The contract for the imaging radar satellite remained with Boeing.[1] In September 2010 NRO director Bruce Carlson stated that while most NRO "(...) programs are operating on schedule and on cost (...)", one program is "(...) 700 percent over in schedule and 300 percent over in budget".[7]

The exact scope and mission of FIA are classified, although the head of the NRO said in 2001 that the project would focus on creating smaller and lighter satellites.[8] Some industry experts believe that a key objective is to make the satellites more difficult to attack, possibly by placing them in higher orbits. Because of the large size of the program, as well as number of workers involved, some experts have compared it to the 1940s Manhattan Project.[8]

In 2012 NRO donated two sophisticated but unneeded space telescopes, reportedly built for FIA, to NASA for use in astronomy.[9]

Launches

The first operational FIA Radar satellite, USA-215 or NROL-41,[10] was launched on 21 September 2010. It is in a retrograde 1100 x 1105 km orbit inclined by 123 degrees,[11] an orbital configuration indicating it is an SAR satellite.[10] On 3 April 2012, a second satellite, USA-234 or NROL-25, was launched into a similar orbit.

The earlier USA-193 satellite, launched in 2006, is believed to have been a technology demonstration satellite intended to test and develop systems for the FIA radar programme.[12] However, it failed immediately after launch, and was subsequently destroyed by a missile.

Spacecraft

Name COSPAR ID
SATCAT №		 Launch date
(UTC)		 Launch vehicle Launch site Launch designation Orbit Decay date Remarks
USA-2152010-046A}}
37162		 21 September 2010
04:03:30 		Atlas V 501 VAFB SLC-3E}} NROL-41 1,102 km x 1,105 km x 123°}} in orbit
USA-2342012-014A}}
38109		 3 April 2012
23:12:57 		Delta IV M+(5,2)}} VAFB SLC-6 NROL-25 ~1,100 km x ~1,100 km x 123°}} in orbit
USA-2472013-072A}}
39462		 6 December 2013
07:14:30 		Atlas V 501 VAFB SLC-3E NROL-39 1,108 km x 1,113 km x 123°}}[13] in orbit
USA-2672016-010A}}
41334		 10 February 2016
11:40:32 		Delta IV M+(5,2) VAFB SLC-6 NROL-45 1,077 km x 1,086 km x 123.0°}}[14] in orbit
USA-2812018-005A}}
43145		 12 January 2018
22:10 		Delta IV M+(5,2) VAFB SLC-6 NROL-47 1,048 km x 1,057 km x 106°}}[15] in orbit

Successor program

USA-224, launched on 20 January 2011, is believed to be the first of the large post-FIA optical reconnaissance satellites built by Lockheed.[16]{{failed verification|reason=cite says it's a pre-FIA KH11|date=October 2012}}

The failed FIA program is to be succeeded by the Next Generation Electro-Optical (NGEO) program. NGEO is intended as a lower-risk modular system, which is capable of being modified incrementally over its lifetime.[17]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite news|author=Philip Taubman |title=In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html?pagewanted=1| newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 11, 2007 | accessdate=May 3, 2010}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990903.html |title=Boeing Team Wins Future Imagery Architecture|accessdate=May 20, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112184938/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990903.html |archivedate=November 12, 2006 }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Future Imagery Architecture [FIA] - Phase C| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/fia-phase-c.htm|publisher=Global Security}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Future Imagery Architecture [FIA] - 2005 Restructuring| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/fia-2005.htm|publisher=Global Security}}
5. ^Pae, Peter. "Massive Spy-Satellite Program to Cost Billions {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609044839/http://cartome.org/nro-fia.htm |date=2007-06-09 }}", Los Angeles Times, March 18, 2001. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
6. ^{{cite web|author=Charles P. Vick|title=Future Imagery Architecture |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/fia.htm| publisher=globalsecurity.org}}
7. ^{{cite web | title=National Reconnaissance Office Update| url=http://www.afa.org/events/conference/2010/scripts/AFA-100913-Carlson.pdf | author=Bruce Carlson |publisher = Air & Space Conference and Technology Exposition 2010 | accessdate=2010-11-25 | date=2010-09-13}}
8. ^1 Sullivan, Laura. "A peek into secrets most jealously guarded", Baltimore Sun, September 8, 2001. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/donated-space-telescopes-are-remnants-of-failed-nro-program#.UakXRmT5nkE | title=Donated Space Telescopes are Remnants of Failed NRO Program | work=SpaceNews | date=2012-06-08 | accessdate=2013-05-31 | author=Ferster, Warren}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Sep-2010/0279.html |title=SeeSat-L Sep-10 : Updated elements |website=Satobs.org |date=2010-09-24 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Oct-2010/0168.html |title=SeeSat-L Oct-10 : Updated elements |website=Satobs.org |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/report/2008/080128-fia-vick.htm |title=FIA - RADSAT Spacecraft Family |website=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39462|title=USA 247 - Orbit|last=Peat|first=Chris|publisher=Heavens-Above|date=22 January 2015|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=41334|title=USA 267 - Orbit|last=Peat|first=Chris|publisher=Heavens-Above|date=12 February 2016|accessdate=13 February 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://sattrackcam.blogspot.de/2018/01/topazfia-radar-5-nrol-47-payload.html|title=TOPAZ/FIA Radar 5, the NROL-47 payload|last=Langbroek|first=Marco|publisher=SatTrackCam Leiden|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=27 January 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Jan-2011/0173.html |title=SeeSat-L Jan-11 : NROL-49 search elements |website=Satobs.org |date=2011-01-20 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
17. ^{{cite web | title=The National Reconnaissance Office At 50 Years: A Brief History| url=http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/programs/NRO_Brief_History.pdf| author=Dr. Bruce Berkowitz|publisher = Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance | accessdate=2011-10-24 | date=September 2011}}

External links

  • FIA on Globalsecurity.org
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530194154/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030811/11nro.htm America's secret spy satellites are costing you billions, but they can't even get off the launch pad; U.S. News & World Report, 8/11/03, by Douglas Pasternak]
{{NRO satellites}}{{Future Imaging Architecture radar satellites}}{{US Reconnaissance Satellites}}

3 : Boeing|National Reconnaissance Office satellites|Space synthetic aperture radar
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