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| 释义 |
The Führer Headquarters (Führerhauptquartiere in German), abbreviated FHQ, were a number of official headquarters used by the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and various other German commanders and officials throughout Europe during the Second World War.[1] The last one used, the Führerbunker in Berlin, where Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, is the most widely known headquarters. Other notable headquarters are the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in East Prussia, where Claus von Stauffenberg in league with other conspirators attempted to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944, and Hitler's private home, the Berghof, at Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden, where he frequently met with prominent foreign and domestic officials. IntroductionAt the beginning of World War II there were no permanent headquarters constructed for the German supreme leader, the Führer. Hitler visited the frontlines by using either aeroplane or his special train, the Führersonderzug; thus, the Führersonderzug can be considered as the first of his field headquarters. The first permanent installation which became a Führer Headquarters was the Felsennest, which was used by Hitler during the Battle of France in May, 1940. Hitler actually spent very little time in Berlin during the war, and the dwellings he most frequently used were the Berghof and the Wolfsschanze, spending more than 800 days at the latter. The Führer Headquarters were especially designed to work as command facilities for the Führer, which meant all necessary demands were taken into consideration; communications, conference rooms, safety measures, bunkers, guard facilities etc. were prepared accordingly. Even Berghof and the Obersalzberg complex were modified and extended with considerable defense facilities (bunkers, guard posts etc.). The Wehrmachtbericht, a daily report on the situation at the front, was also broadcast from the Führer Headquarters. The Fuhrerhauptquartiere programme used over one million cubic metres of concrete, more than half at Anlage Riese and Wolfsschlucht II. Forced labourers worked for nearly twelve million working days; two-thirds at Anlage Riese, Wolfsschlucht II and Wolfsschanze. {{sfn|McNab|2014|pp=37, 48}} The Führer Headquarters cannot be considered as strict military headquarters; the Wehrmacht had their own, distinctly located in other places, yet often in the vicinity of the FHQs. Nevertheless, since Hitler very frequently intervened in the military command structure, the FHQs more than often became de facto military headquarters. In reality, the Führer Headquarters consisted of Adolf Hitler and his entourage, including the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) (directly controlled by Hitler), liaison officers and adjutants. TerminologyEvery place Hitler stayed cannot be considered as a Führer Headquarters, and he did not stay at every official FHQ. Furthermore, some sources may not refer to the Berghof and the Führerbunker as official German Führerhauptquartiere at that time in history, but both of them became de facto Führer Headquarters; thus, they are historically often referred to as such. The Berghof was modified in much the same way as other FHQs,[2] and Hitler had daily conferences on military matters there in the latter part of the war.[2] The "Eagle's Nest", i.e. the Kehlsteinhaus, was rarely used and may not be considered a FHQ as such alone; however, it was associated with the Berghof and part of the Obersalzberg military complex. The Führerbunker was located about {{convert|8.5|m|ft}} beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstraße 77, and {{convert|120|m|ft}} north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6 in Berlin.[3] It became a de facto Führer Headquarters during the Battle of Berlin, and ultimately, the last one of his headquarters.[4] {{clear}}Headquarters locationsThere were about 14 known completed Führer Headquarters (of about 20 planned):[5]
Special train (Führersonderzug){{main|Führersonderzug}}The Führersonderzug train was named Führersonderzug "Amerika" in 1940, and later Führersonderzug "Brandenburg". The train was used as a headquarters until the Balkans Campaign. Afterwards, the train was not used as Führer Headquarters, however Hitler continued to travel on it throughout the war between Berlin, Berchtesgaden, Munich and other headquarters. See also
References
1. ^1 Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No. 19, Introduction and p. 1. 2. ^1 Eberle, Henrik and Uhl, Matthias, The Unknown Hitler, 11th chapter, pp. 199–200. 3. ^Lehrer, Steven, The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex, p. 123. 4. ^Beevor, Antony, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, p. 357. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No. 19, p. 2. 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No.19, pp. 48–51. 7. ^1 2 [https://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktuelles/aus_dem_archiv/galerie/00133/index.html Der Kommandant Führerhauptquartier] from Das Bundesarchiv (German, www.bundesarchiv.de) 8. ^Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No. 19, p. 4. 9. ^The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole, After the Battle {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226034902/http://www.afterthebattle.com/ab-con1.html |date=2007-12-26 }}, No.61 Special Edition (entire) 10. ^Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No. 19, p. 18. 11. ^Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After The Battle, No. 19, p. 28. 12. ^Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After the Battle, No. 19, p. 10.
External links
11 : Adolf Hitler|Forts|Nazi architecture|Forts in Belarus|Forts in France|Forts in Germany|Forts in Poland|Forts in Russia|Military of Nazi Germany|Armoured trains|Führer Headquarters |
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