“Gadabuursi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Gadabuursi (Somali: Gadabuursi, Arabic: غادابوورسي), also known as Samaroon, is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family.^[1]

As a Dir sub-clan, the Gadabuursi have immediate lineal ties with the Issa, the Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys), the Biimaal (who the Gaadsen also belong too), the Bajimal, the Bursuk, the Madigan, the Gurgura, the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle, Ajuraan, Degoodi, Gaalje'el clan groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

The etymology of the name Gadabuursi, as described by writer Ferrand in Ethnographic Survey of Africa refers to Gada meaning people and Bur meaning mountain, hence Gadabuursi is believed to mean people of the mountains.^[9]^[10]

Overview

Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon. However, Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi, but rather represents only a sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan family.

The Gadabuursi in particular, is the only clan with a longstanding tradition of sultan. The Gadabuursi use the title Ugaas which means sultan and/or king. Ughaz or Ugas.^[11]

In terms of subsistence patterns, the Gadabuursi are mainly sedentary agro-pastoralists, supplementing their cattle herding with cereal cultivation.

Based on research done by the Eritrean author 'Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad' in his book 'The Saho of Eritrea, the Saho people (Gadafur) is said to have Somali origins from the Gadabuursi.^[12]

Distribution

The Gadabuursi reside traditionally within the Horn of Africa but do have settlements outside as well. They can be found in northwestern Somalia and are the pre-dominant clan of the Awdal region.^[13]^[14]^[15] They also partially inhabit the neighboring region of Woqooyi Galbeed, and reside in many cities within that province.^[16]^[17] The Gadabuursi are the second largest clan by population in Somaliland.^[18] Within Somalia, they are known to be the 5th largest clan.^[19]

They are also found in Djibouti, where they form one of the major clan groups.^[20] Within Djibouti they have historically lived in 2 of the 7 major neighborhoods in Djibouti (Quarter 4 and 5).^[21]

However most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (also known as Region 5) where their paramount chief, the Ugaas resides.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Borama. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi, the Ugaas, has his main venue in Ethiopia.^[26]

The Gadabuursi is the second largest sub-clan within the borders of the Somali region of Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian population census.^[27] Outside of the Somali region, they also live in the Oromia region reaching the town of Metehara along with the Afar region.^[27] Today, the clan holds vice-presidency in both the Ethiopian Somali Region, and in Somali Land.^[29]

In the Somali Region of Ethiopia they exclusively inhabit both the Awbere district in the Faafan Zone and the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone.^[28]^[29]^[30] The Harrawa Valley located in the Gadabuursi country, straddles both districts.^[31] They also inhabit the Gursum woreda where they are the majority and the Jigjiga woreda where they make up a large part of the Faafan Zone. The Gadabuursi, along with the Issa represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar.^[32]^[33]^[34] The Gadabuursi also partially inhabit Ayesha, Shinile, Erer and Afdem woreda's.^[35]^[36]

They also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city-state of Dire Dawa, which borders the Dembel district, but also in the city itself.^[30]^[37] The 2014 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that Awbere is the most populated district in the Somali region of Ethiopia.^[38]

The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have also expressed a desire to combine the clan's traditional territories to form a new region-state called Harawo State.^[39]

History

"I.M Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic Manuscript on the history of to the Gadabursi Somal. “This Chronicle opens”, Lewis tells us, ‘with an account of the wars of Imam ‘Ali Si’id (1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent, and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se’ad ad-Din, ruler of Zeila.’ Se’ad ad-Din was the joint founder of the Kingdom of Adal along with his brother Haqedin II" So not only did the Gadabuursi clan contribute to the Adal Wars, Conquest of Abyssinia, but their predecessors were also fighting wars way before the establishment of the Adal Sultanate.^[40]

The Gadabursi Kingdom was established more than 600 years ago, and consisted of a King (Ugaas) and many elders.

The chairmen of the four sections were called Afarta Dhadhaar, and were selected according to talent and personnel abilities.

A constitution, Xeer Gadabursi, had been developed, which divided every case as to whether it was new or had precedents (ugub or curad).

The Gadabursi King and the elders opposed the arrival of the British at the turn of the twentieth century, but they ended up signing an agreement with them. Later, as a disagreement between the two parties both arose and intensified, the British installed some people against the Ugaas in hopes of overthrowing him. This would eventually bring about the collapse of the kingdom.

'The Law of the King and the 100 Men "Heerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin"

"When a new Ugaas or Ughaz was appointed amongst the Gadabuursi, a hundred elders, representatives of all the lineages of the clan, assembled to form a parliament to promulgate new heer agreements, and to decide what legislation they wished to retain from the reign of the previous Ugaas or King. The compensation rates for delicts committed within the clan were revised if necessary, and a corpus of Gadabuursi law, as it were, placed on the statutes for the duration of the new Ugaas's rule.

This was called 'the law of the King and the 100 men' (heerka boqorka iyo boqolka nin).^[42]

Traditional Gadabuursi Installation Ceremony

Here are accounts of a traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony by accounts of Sheikh 'Abdurahman Sh. Nur in "A Pastoral Democracy", by I'M Lewis.^[43]

Clansmen gather for the ceremony in well wooded and watered place. There is singing and dancing, then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice. The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time and then future Ughaz is chosen by divination. Candidates must be sons or brothers of the former Ughaz and the issue of woman who has been only married once. She should not be a women who has been divorced or a widow. Early on a monday morning a man of the Rer Nur (the laandeer of the Gadabuursi) plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the Ughaz. Everyone else then follows his example. The man who starts the 'aleemasaar acclamation must be a man rich in livestock, with four wives and many sons. Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk. One contains camels' milk, one cows' milk, one sheeps' milk and the last goats' milk. These are offered to the Ughaz who selects one and drinks a little from it. If he drinks the camels' milk, camels will be blessed and prosper, if he drinks the goats' milk, goats will prosper, and so on. After this, a large four-year-old ram is slaughtered in front of him. His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts off his old clothes and dons new clothes as Ughaz. A man of Rer Yunis puts a white turban round his head and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra'iin. The Ughaz then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called bugay, near garis, towards the coast. The well contains deliciously fresh water. Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits. He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones. Then he returns to the assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves. dancing and feasting recommence. The Ughaz makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks god to grant peace, abundant milk and rain- all symbols of peace and prosperity (nabad iyo 'aano). If rain falls after this, people will know that his reign will be prosperous. That the ceremony is customarily performed during the karan rainy season makes this all more likely. The Ughaz is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him. She must be of good family, and the child of a woman who has had only one husband. Her bride-wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively, as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title. Rifles or other fire-arms are not included in the bride-wealth. Everything connected with accession must be peaceful and propitious|sign=|source=}}

The largest portion of the Gadabursi reside in the borders of Ethiopia. It is said that at Waraf, a location near Hardo Galle a great battle took place between the Gadabuursi and infidels (Galla) in the 14th century according to traditional Gadabursi history^[44]^[45]

According to a Max Planck research paper, one branch of the Ughaz family (rer Ughaz) on the borders of Ethiopia rose to the rank of dejazmach (ደጃዝማች ), (‘Commander of the Gate’).^[46] A military title meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed force composed of a vanguard, main body, left and right wings and a rear body.^[4]

Y-DNA

DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup.^[47] All genetic analysis carried out on Gadabuursi male clan members have so far shown that they exclusively belong to the T1 paternal haplogroup.^[48]^[49]^[50]

List of Sultans of the Gadabuursi Sultanate

The royal family of the Gadabuursi, the Ugasate, evolved from and is a successor kingdom to the Sultanate of Harar.^[51] The first Ugaas of this break away and successor kingdom, Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere) was the son of the progenitor of the Makayl-Dheere.^[52] The matrilineal founder who established the Kingdom was Lady Khadija Sheikh Abba Yonis Hasan, from the Geri Koombe clan of the Darod clan.^[52]^[53]

The Gadabuursi give their King the title ofUgha.^[54] It's an authentic Somali term for King or Chief. The Gadabursi in particular is the only clan with a longstanding tradition of having a Sultan.^[11]

The first Ughaz of the Gadabuursi was Ughaz Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere), who is the progenitor of the Reer Ugaas subclan to which the royal lineage belongs.

Ughaz Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere) based on an Arabic manuscript on the Gadabuursi is said to be born in 1575 in Dobo, an area north of the present town of Borama in north-western Somalia. He is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid.^[55]

For more about Ughaz Nur II visit the following:{{Main|Ughaz Nur II}}For more about Ughaz 'Elmi Warfaa visit the following:{{Main|Ughaz 'Elmi Warfa}}

Clan tree

The Gadabursi clan according to the Peoples of the Horn of Africa, Nuova Antologia(1890) and many more sources are divided into 2 divisions:

The Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan, both historically united under a common Sultan or Ughaz.^[2]^[58]^[59]

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.^[60]^[61]

In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:^[62]

Notable figures

Notes

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcMtAQAAIAAJ&q=Gadabuursi+dir&dq=Gurgura+dir&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP1obm55nPAhUmLcAKHROvDHUQ6AEIOjAF|title=Ethiopia: the top 100 people|last=Verdier|first=Isabelle|date=1997-05-31|publisher=Indigo Publications|year=|isbn=9782905760128|location=|pages=13|language=en|via=}}
2. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3DGs00LT8EC|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569021057|page=25|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3DGs00LT8EC|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=|isbn=9781569021057|location=|page=|pages=|language=en|quote=At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"|via=}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcMtAQAAIAAJ&q=Gurgura+dir&dq=Gurgura+dir&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP1obm55nPAhUmLcAKHROvDHUQ6AEIOjAF|title=Ethiopia: the top 100 people|last=Verdier|first=Isabelle|date=1997-05-31|publisher=Indigo Publications|year=|isbn=9782905760128|location=|pages=13|language=en|via=}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC|title=Voice and Power|last=Hayward|first=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|page=242|language=en}}
6. ^The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Keyna http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ|title=Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century|last=Adam|first=Hussein Mohamed|last2=Ford|first2=Richard|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020739|page=127|language=en}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|page=121|language=en}}
9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szhNAQAAIAAJ|title=Ethnographic Survey of Africa|date=1969-01-01|publisher=International African Institute.|year=|isbn=|location=|page=26|pages=|language=en|via=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.freenation.org/a/f42n1.html|title=Toward a New Country in East Africa|date=|website=www.freenation.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-18|quote=Its nickname is Gadabursi, i.e. mountain people.}}
11. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlIqAQAAIAAJ|title=Africa|last=Westermann|first=Diedrich|last2=Smith|first2=Edwin William|last3=Forde|first3=Cyril Daryll|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=|location=|page=230|pages=|language=en|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjX_yVT7AoC&pg=PA107&dq=Gadafur+Gadaburse&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjriaz7uIHRAhUr74MKHTwXD_sQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Gadafur%20Gadaburse&f=false|title=The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness|last=Mohammad|first=Abdulkader Saleh|date=2013-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643903327|language=en}}
13. ^Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University," {{URL|1=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan/vol1/iss1/9|2=Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. 1, Article 9}}, p. 132.
14. ^{{cite book |last1=Battera |first1=Federico |others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.) |title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=2010-03-18 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Taurus |location=London |isbn=1-85043-634-7 |page=296 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q=&f=false |quote=Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans. The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal.... }}
15. ^{{Cite book | last=Renders | first=Marleen | last2=Terlinden | first2=Ulf | title=Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa |chapter=Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland | editors=Tobias Hagmann, Didier Péclard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psSrdehT3kkC&lpg=PA191&dq=gadabursi%20awdal&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q=gadabursi%20awdal&f=false | page=191 | accessdate=2012-01-21}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA110&dq=Gebile&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVh7uD_e_TAhVJbBoKHSM1BUUQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Gebile&f=false|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=|isbn=9780852552803|location=|pages= 109. Gadabuursi in the region of Gebile/Gabilay (Woqooyi Galbeed).|language=en}}
17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last=Dostal|first=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=2005-04-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9780857716774|location=|page=296|pages=|language=en|via=}}
18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=GUdabirsi,+the+second+largest+clan+in+Somalia&source=bl&ots=TSkLOpTDA2&sig=ddPbkKYwJTeOEVPkppIKLMl5McU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ5Z_UiaPPAhWrDMAKHfrPD3AQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=GUdabirsi%252C%2520the%2520second%2520largest%2520clan%2520in%2520Somalia&f=false|title=Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture|last=Vries|first=F. W. T. Penning de|date=2005-01-01|publisher=IWMI|year=|isbn=9789290906186|location=|pages=67|language=en|quote=Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somalia, was peacefully elected as president.|via=}}
19. ^{{Cite book|title=Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion|last=Younkins|first=Edward W.|date=2016-04-15|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317176565|location=|pages=|language=en}}
20. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-kzjgEACAAJ&dq=Sultan+Mahomed+Haji+Dideh+gadabursi&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia|last=Rayne|first=Henry a|date=2015-08-08|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=9781297569760|language=en}}
21. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G-bZiKh9FHkC&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=&source=bl&ots=-tPgAcjjGS&sig=T7DYdYM2ajBewruPLk5nkP0PDzU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi02_yB85nZAhWiJcAKHTTXBGQQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=gadaboursi&f=false|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles|last=Imbert-Vier|first=Simon|date=2011|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811105068|language=fr}}
22. ^{{cite book |last1=Battera |first1=Federico |others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.) |title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=2010-03-18 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Taurus |location=London |isbn=1-85043-634-7 |page=296 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q=&f=false |quote=but most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali region of Ethiopia (the so-called region 5) where their paramount chief (the Ugaas) resides... }}
23. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last=Dostal|first=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=2005-04-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857716774|page=296|language=en}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Somalia: The Myth of Clan-Based Statehood |url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm |publisher=Somalia Watch |date=2002-12-07 |accessdate=2007-01-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615230152/http://somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm |archivedate=15 June 2006 |df=dmy }}
25. ^{{cite book |last1=Battera |first1=Federico |others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.) |title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=2010-03-18 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Taurus |location=London |isbn=1-85043-634-7 |page=296 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
26. ^{{cite book |last1=Battera |first1=Federico |others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.) |title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=2010-03-18 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Taurus |location=London |isbn=1-85043-634-7 |page=296 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q=&f=false |quote= In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Borama. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi, the Ugaas, has his main venue in Ethiopia... }}
27. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0CFAAAAIAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Workshop on Some Aspects of Rural Land Tenure in Ethiopia: Access, Use, and Transfer|last=Negatu|first=Workneh|last2=Research|first2=Addis Ababa University Institute of Development|last3=Center|first3=University of Wisconsin--Madison Land Tenure|last4=Foundation|first4=Ford|date=2004-01-01|publisher=IDR/AAU|year=|isbn=|location=|page=43|pages=|language=en|quote=Page:43 : Somali Settlers Gadabursi in Karrayu territory(Oromia region)|via=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livelihood%20Baselines/LZ%203%20Shinile%20Agropastoral.pdf|title=Shinile Agropastoral Livelihood Zone|year=2001|publisher=Save the Children|page=8|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216201619/http://www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livelihood%20Baselines/LZ%203%20Shinile%20Agropastoral.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2012|df=dmy-all|quote=Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiya who are mainly Agro‐Pastoral, also inhabit the districts of Erer, Dambal and Meiso respectively...}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://harawo.org/?p=4959|title=IL-DUUFKA WEYN EE LALA BEEGSADAY DAD-WEYNAHA GOBOLKA HARAWO|language=Somali|work=Harawo.org|accessdate=2012-02-08}}
30. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.ocha-eth.org/Archive/DownloadableReports/Jijigmay.pdf|title=United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Field Trip to Jijiga (22-29 April, 1994) |page=2|format=PDF |accessdate=3 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218083704/http://ocha-eth.org/Archive/DownloadableReports/Jijigmay.pdf|archivedate=18 December 2010}}
31. ^Omar, Mohamed Osman, 2001, The Scramble for the Horn of Africa, History of Somalis
32. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=5eErBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=gada+bursi+babile&source=bl&ots=d293HRisMm&sig=e8eeeU0Y6WnTUDyETnMqehmh2Ro&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiao9mB8JnQAhUHI8AKHS2_Dc8Q6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=gada%20bursi%20babile&f=false|title=Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates|last=Slikkerveer|date=2013-10-28|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781136143304|location=|pages=140|language=en|quote=|via=}}
33. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=gadabuursi+harar&source=bl&ots=raKocqkpcM&sig=2pcy1aUrZlfDy5LIh4VGoe3lPcg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJx4-7hbvXAhVEDuwKHX2dBIsQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|location=|pages=100|language=en|quote=|via=}}
34. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XVgrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&lpg=PT64&dq=burton+gadabursi+harar&source=bl&ots=sF1aIcFhmu&sig=cCo1EbyYn2LVWXmU3if4_KZQAHw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigjIG9ibvXAhUJ46QKHQz7ACwQ6AEIUTAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa|language=en|quote=|via=}}
35. ^A report for the BRIDGES ProjectThe Role of Education in Livelihoods in the Somali Region of Ethiopia Elanor Jackson. June 2011http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/Education-Somali-Ethiopia.pdf“In the Afdem in 1989–91 there was also a clan clash between the Issa and Gedabiersay(Gadabursi)" p. 92
36. ^An HEA Baseline Study By SC‐UK, DPPB and Partners February 2002Sponsored by USAID/OFDA and ECHO, with additional financial support from SC‐Canada and WFPhttp://www.dppc.gov.et/livelihoods/somali/Downloadable/Livelihood%20Baselines/LZ%202%20Shinile%20Pastoral.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"Shinile Pastoral Livelihood Zone (Shoats, Cattle, Camel)''The inhabitants of Shinile Zone are Somali peoples, most of who are from the Issa clan. Other Somali groups, Gurgura, and Gadabursi also occupy the Zone."p. 9
37. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA100&dq=dire+dawa+gadabursi&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimk87Aq7fQAhXCVxoKHc8NBPcQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=dire%20dawa%20gadabursi&f=false|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=|isbn=9781569021033|location=|pages=100|language=en|quote=|via=}}
38. ^¹Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 p. 21 Somali region {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211502/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/general/news/pop_pro_wer_2014-2017_final |date=23 September 2015 }}
39. ^H arawo State Petition, March 2011
40. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C|title=The Cambridge History of Africa|last=Fage|first=J. D.|last2=Oliver|first2=Roland|date=1975-01-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521209816|location=|page=153|language=en|via=}}
41. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=zv4QAQAAIAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|last=Britain)|first=Royal Geographical Society (Great|date=1891-01-01|publisher=Edward Stanford|language=en}}
42. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=heerka+boqorka+iyo&source=bl&ots=927Pu93FUm&sig=_Ox8H5f3o15kKe4YcHpK8wuMbog&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi75KjsmLPPAhUIBMAKHc_fB98Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=heerka%2520boqorka%2520iyo&f=false|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=|isbn=9783825830847|location=|pages=207|language=en|via=}}
43. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA211&dq=The+pastoral+somali+have+few+large+ceremonies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY4JGZ0YLQAhXKKMAKHRjnAYIQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20pastoral%20somali%20have%20few%20large%20ceremonies&f=false|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=|isbn=9780852552803|location=|pages=211, 212|language=en|quote=|via=}}
44. ^{{Cite journal|last=LEWIS|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|year=|title=NOTES ON THE SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE ʿĪSE SOMALI|jstor=41299496|journal=Rassegna di Studi Etiopici|volume=17|page=80}}
45. ^"Gadabuursi Somali subgroup, largely resident in Ethiopia (Samarron) p. 5" http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/EAE/vol2.pdf
46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.eth.mpg.de/pubs/wps/pdf/mpi-eth-working-paper-0107.pdf|title=Resourcing State Borders and Borderlands in the Horn of Africa|last=Feyissa and Hoehne|first=Dereje, Markus|date=2007|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology}}
47. ^{{cite journal|last1=Iacovacci, Giuseppe|display-authors=etal|title=Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|date=2017|volume=27|pages=123–131|url=https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html|accessdate=19 January 2018|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015}}
48. ^http://i67.tinypic.com/357k806.jpg
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.familytreedna.com|title=Family Tree DNA - Somali DNA project|website=www.familytreedna.com}}
50. ^https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Haplogroup_T-M184_tree.png
51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.abtirsi.com/dynasty.php?dynasty=7|title=Abtirsi.com: Ugasate of Gadabursi|website=www.abtirsi.com|access-date=2018-03-30}}
52. ^¹Sh. Nur, Sheikh Abdurahman, 2001, The Renaissance of Adal Somali history
53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=5099|title=Abtirsi.com : Khadija Sheikh Abba Yonis|website=www.abtirsi.com|access-date=2018-03-30}}
54. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=|isbn=9783825830847|location=|pages=204|language=en|via=}}
55. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=LEWIS|first=I. M.|date=1959-01-01|title=THE GALLA IN NORTHERN SOMALIA|jstor=41299539|journal=Rassegna di Studi Etiopici|volume=15|issue=|page= 31|doi=|pmid=|via=}}
56. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&pg=PA291&dq=dictionary+of+somalia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1_6y48nQAhWCOsAKHZK_DhQQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=dictionary%20of%20somalia&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810866041|language=en}}
57. ^A list of the Gadabuursi Sultans
58. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8aAQAAIAAJ|title=Nuova antologia|last=Protonotari|first=Francesco|date=1890-01-01|publisher=Direzione della Nuova Antologia|page=343|language=it}}
59. ^CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TOSOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA, Guido Ambroso
60. ^Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
61. ^Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |date=16 July 2011 }}, p. 43
62. ^Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 56 Figure A-2
63. ^Abdirahman Aw Ali (Gadabursi) selected to serve as Vice President January–May 1993. p. 9 DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM Policy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland Sarah Phillips, University of Sydney December 2013 http://publications.dlprog.org/Political%20Settlements%20and%20State%20Formation%20-%20the%20Case%20of%20Somaliland.pdf
64. ^{{cite book|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KQB9.pdf|title=Report of Ethiopia's high level delegation visit on nutrition and food security to Brazil and WFP Center of Excellence to fight Hunger|page=27|location=Brasilia, Brazil}} July 20–28, 2015.
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/politics--power/2016/11/11/rise-of-spdp-in-addis-gives-green-light-for-internal-purge,108189345-ART|title=Rise of SPDP in Addis gives green light for internal purge|publisher=Africa Intelligence|date=2016-11-11|accessdate=2018-04-03}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/politics--power/2016/07/29/pm-desalegn-picks-his-candidate-to-head-igad,108177322-BRE|title=PM Desalegn picks his candidate to head IGAD|publisher=Africa Intelligence|date=2016-07-29|accessdate=2018-04-03}}
67. ^{{cite news|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/nominated-ministers-and-their-clans/|title=Nominated Ministers and Their Clans|date=2015-01-28|agency=Goobjoog|accessdate=2018-04-03}}
68. ^{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1958-01-01|title=The Gadabuursi Somali Script|jstor=610496|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=21|issue=1/3|pages=134–156|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00063278}}
69. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ|title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|last=ʻArabfaqīh|first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|others=The Habar Makadur, underneath the page as a note [I.M. Lewis] by Richard Pankhurst|page=27|language=en}}
70. ^{{Cite book|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|work=The Gadabursi|quote=There are two main fractions, the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur, formerly united under a common hereditary chief (ogaz).|publisher=Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998)|year=1998|isbn=978-1569021040|location=Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998)|page=25}}
71. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWU1AAAAQBAJ|title=Un embajadoren el centro de los acontecimientos|last=Farah|first=Rachad|date=2013-09-01|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=9782336321356|page=17|language=es}}
72. ^As indicated in Morin (2005:640) the name of “Cote francaise des Somalis” itself is said to have been proposed by hağği Diideh (Mahad-Ase clan of Gedebursi. He was Prosperous merchant of Zayla who built the first Mosque in Djibouti Ğami ar-Rahma in 1891) to the French administration in imitation of British Somaliland, p. 92
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/politics-power/2013/11/08/yussur-abrar-did-not-last-long,107993799-ART|title=Yussur Abrar (Dir/Gadabursi), who hails from Borama in Somaliland|publisher=Africa Intelligence|date=2013-11-08|accessdate=2018-04-03}}
74. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810866041|page=247|language=en}}
75. ^[https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/ p. 210]
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geeskaafrika.com/7113/kenya-ethiopia-replaced-ambassador-shemsedin-ahmed-for-security-reasons/|title=Kenya: Ethiopia Replaced Ambassador Shemsedin Ahmed for security reasons - Geeska Afrika Online|last=geeskadmin|date=2014-12-10|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}
77. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://blog.crisisgroup.org/africa/somalia/2015/05/21/somalilands-guurti-sparks-a-crisis/|title=Somaliland’s Guurti Sparks a Crisis {{!}} Crisis Group|website=blog.crisisgroup.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-08-05}}