“Gala Galaction”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Gala Galaction ({{IPA-ro|ˈgala galaktiˈon}}; the pen name of Grigore or Grigorie Pișculescu {{IPA-ro|ɡriˈɡor(i)e piʃkuˈlesku|}}; April 16, 1879—March 8, 1961) was a Romanian Orthodox clergyman and theologian, writer, journalist, left-wing activist, as well as a political figure of the People's Republic of Romania. Contrary to the spirit of the time, he was a promoter of tolerance towards the Jewish minority.

Biography

Early life

He was born in the village of Didești, Teleorman County, the son of a wealthy peasant and a priest's daughter. His father had traveled throughout the Balkans on business, and had settled down as an estate lessee.^[1]

After completing his primary studies in his native village and in Roșiorii de Vede (1888–1890), he went on to study at the Saint Sava National College in Bucharest (1890–1898), and, after a period of studying philosophy at the University of Bucharest, took a degree in Theology at Czernowitz University. During the period, Galaction began to take an interest in literature, and was briefly influenced by the ideas of Sâr Péladan, a French occultist and poet.^[2] He debuted in 1900 with the novella Moara lui Călifar ("Călifar's Mill"), a sinister story on the subject of demonic temptation; nevertheless, his growing interest in Orthodoxy led him to abandon literature for the following ten years — his 1914 volume of collected stories, comprising La Vulturi! (one of his most famous pieces of writing), was awarded the Romanian Academy prize.^[3]

Early 1900s activism

Having spent his early years a disciple of the Marxist philosopher Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea,^[4] he was partisan of Poporanism and, like his close friend N. D. Cocea, socialism^[5] - tendencies which established him as a leading figure on the left wing of the Romanian political spectrum. According to Vianu's later assessment:

Noted for his criticism of the violent repression of the Romanian Peasants' Revolt in 1907,^[7] he soon became an active journalist. With the help of Tudor Arghezi, he edited Cronica and Spicul, which appeared during World War I (between 1915 and 1918). Like his friend Arghezi and others, he displayed his sympathy for the Central Powers, and remained in Bucharest under German occupation, collaborating with the new authorities.^[8] Eventually, Galaction welcomed the new political mood established by the Russian Revolution (and first manifested in Romania by the activities of the Socialist Party and the strikes of 1918–1919):

At around the same time, he became an enthusiastic advocate of the labor movement. A public meeting of factory workers left a lasting impression on him:

Soon after the war, Galaction befriended Nicolae Tonitza, a painter and illustrator of socialist newspapers who produced the cover of Galaction's collection of essays (O lume nouă) and painted his portrait under the title "The Man of a New World".^[11] In his memoir of the period, the art collector Krikor Zambaccian described the latter as:

Interwar

In 1922, he was anointed priest, and in 1926 he became professor of Theology and New Testament Studies at the Chişinău University Theology School. He was dean of the School between 1928 and 1930.

Together with priest Vasile Radu, he worked on a new translation of the Bible into modern Romanian, a work published in 1938, meant as a newer and more accurate version to replace the traditional Cantacuzino Bible. The literary critic Tudor Vianu wrote:

During the interwar period, Galaction was also the author of several studies, articles and commentaries on the New Testament, as well as completing a celebrated translation of William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice.^[13] He contributed regularly to Viața Românească and Adevărul, as well as to Sămănătorul, but was on exceptionally bad terms with the latter's founder, Nicolae Iorga.^[14]

In 1936, he was the subject of a denunciation for "communist activities" and alleged links with the Comintern, which he dismissed as slander.^[14] Nevertheless, in 1938–1940, Galaction, like other figures on the Poporanist and socialist Left (among them Armand Călinescu, Petre Andrei, Mihai Ralea, Ioan Flueraș, and Mihail Ghelmegeanu), was attracted into collaboration with the fascist-inspired corporatist regime created, as a means to combat the influence of the pro-Nazi Iron Guard, around King Carol II and the National Renaissance Front.^[15] Upon the outbreak of the September Campaign and World War II, he wrote:

1940s

The fall of Carol's rule and the establishment of the Iron Guard's National Legionary State saw Galaction's retreat from public life, prolonged after the Legionnaires' Rebellion and the onset of Ion Antonescu's dictatorship. In 1944, as the August 23 coup overthrew Antonescu, taking Romania out of the Axis camp and opening the country to Soviet influence, Galaction expressed his enthusiasm:

Soon after, Galaction began collaborating with the Romanian Communist Party and its various organizations. In 1947, he replaced the purged Nichifor Crainic as a member of the Romanian Academy,^[18] and was elected vice-president of the Writers' Union in the same year; Galaction was himself purged from the Academy later in the same year, and readmitted as an honorary member in 1948.^[19] Many times decorated, he was also elected to the Parliament of Romania (1946–1948), and to its successor, the Great National Assembly (a legislative body of little actual relevance; 1948–1952).

Final years

One of the last causes he was involved in was the peace movement (in the context of the Cold War), with the intention of helping in the creation of a "supreme areopagus of peace".^[20] He was bedridden for the final years of his life, due to a stroke; this probably accounted for the scarcity in criticism aimed at him during the Zhdanovist campaign in Romania.^[21]

His Diary was only published, selectively, two decades after his death, under the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. The newer edition contains the censored discourse of an embittered Galaction, who had become heavily critical of Stalinism, while reviewing his own beliefs in an "Evangelical and cloud-like" socialism.^[22]

Galaction was also noted for the support he gave to Constantin Galeriu, who later became a celebrated priest and theologian. Galeriu, who had been one of Galaction's favourite students, was rescued by the latter in 1952, after he was arrested and imprisoned at the Danube-Black Sea Canal (Galaction successfully called on Prime Minister Petru Groza to intervene in his favor).^[23]

Personal life

Galaction had four daughters, one of whom, Maria or Mărioara, was married to Șerban Țuculescu, the brother of painter Ion Țuculescu in 1936;^[24] one was the actress Elena Galaction Stănciulescu and the other two, Magdalena and Lucreția, married Italian citizens — the husband of Luki Galaction (Galaction Passarelli or Galaction Sciarra), who was a painter and a writer, was Domenico Sciarra, a prominent figure of the Fascist regime (whom Gala Galaction was visiting in Rome at the time of his denunciation).^[14]

A friend of Communist politician Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Galaction helped his Jewish wife Herta Schwamen avoid anti-Semitic measures enforced in 1938 by the National Christian Party government, baptizing her Romanian Orthodox (she consequently took the Christian name Elena).^[25]

Galaction was a lifelong friend of the journalist Vasile Demetrius, whom he first collaborated with during the 1910s.^[26] He was also close to Vasile's daughter, the novelist and actress Lucia Demetrius, who expressed her gratitude for the moral support he gave her family after Vasile Demetrius died.^[27]

Relationship with the Jewish community

Galaction published articles in several Romanian-Jewish periodicals, such as Mântuirea (1919–1922), Lumea Evree (1919–1920), Știri din Lumea Evreiască (1924–1925) and Adam (1929–1939).^[28]

His contributions were later collected in the volume Sionismul la Prieteni ("Zionism among Friends"), published in 1919. Alongside his praise for Theodor Herzl, whom he considered "the greatest Israelite in the modern world",^[29] he wrote:

In 1930, he was a pilgrim to Jerusalem, visiting the British Mandate of Palestine together with his lifelong friend and brother-in-law of his daughter, the painter Ion Ţuculescu,^[30] and both their families. Reviewing his travel memoir În pământul făgăduinței ("In the Promised Land"), Alexandru A. Philippide, a fellow writer at Viața Românească, thought that Galaction's attitude was linked to both his own theological outlook on tolerance and the branch of Christianity he represented:

In late 1947, Galaction welcomed the more decisive steps taken towards the creation of Israel.^[32] Nowadays, in remembrance of his role, a square in Jerusalem bears his name.

Selected literary works

Notes

1. ^Vianu, p.275
2. ^Vianu, p.281
3. ^Vianu, p.281-282
4. ^Vianu, p.278
5. ^Frunză, p.245; Vianu, p.279
6. ^Vianu, p.278-279
7. ^Vianu, p.292
8. ^Boia, p.256
9. ^Galaction, in Vianu, p.288
10. ^Galaction, in Vianu, p.289
11. ^¹Zambaccian
12. ^Vianu, p.282-283
13. ^Matei-Chesnoiu, p.114
14. ^¹²Tănase
15. ^Veiga, p.264
16. ^Galaction, in Dolghin
17. ^Galaction, in Vianu, p.293
18. ^Mihăilescu; Popescu Gogan
19. ^Popescu Gogan
20. ^Galaction, in Vianu, p.294
21. ^Frunză, p.374-375
22. ^Galaction, in Mihăilescu
23. ^"Făcătorul de pace"
24. ^Ivaniuc & Velescu; Tănase
25. ^Antoniu & Târziu
26. ^Zalis, p.VI-VII
27. ^Zalis, p.VII
28. ^Cernătescu
29. ^¹Galaction, in Cernătescu
30. ^Ivaniuc & Velescu
31. ^Philippide, p.144
32. ^Mihăilescu

References

External links