| 词条 | Galdr |
| 释义 |
EtymologyThe Old Norse word {{lang|non|galdr}} is derived from a word for singing incantations, {{lang|non|gala}} (Old High German and Old English: {{lang|ang|galan}}) with an Indo-European -tro suffix. In Old High German the {{lang|goh|-stro}} suffix produced {{lang|goh|galster}} instead.[3] The Old English forms were {{lang|ang|gealdor}}, {{lang|ang|galdor}}, {{lang|ang|ȝaldre}} "spell, enchantment, witchcraft", and the verb {{lang|ang|galan}} meant "sing, chant". It is contained in nightingale (from {{lang|ang|næcti-galæ}}), related to {{lang|ang|giellan}}, the verb ancestral to Modern English yell; compare also the Icelandic verb {{lang|is|að gala}} "to sing, call out, yell" and Dutch {{lang|nl|gillen}} "to yell, scream". The German forms were Old High German {{lang|goh|galstar}} and MHG {{lang|gmh|galster}} "song, enchantment" (Konrad von Ammenhausen Schachzabelbuch 167b), surviving in (obsolete or dialectal) Modern German {{lang|de|Galsterei}} (witchcraft) and {{lang|de|Galsterweib}} (witch). PracticeSome incantations were composed in a special meter named {{lang|non|galdralag}}.[2] This meter was similar to the six-lined {{lang|non|ljóðaháttr}}, also used for ritual, but adds a seventh line.[4] Diverse runic inscriptions suggest informal impromptu methods. Another characteristic is a performed parallelism,[4] see the stanza from Skirnismál, below. A practical {{lang|non|galdr}} for women was one that made childbirth easier,[5] but they were also notably used for bringing madness onto another person, whence modern Swedish {{lang|sv|galen}} meaning "mad"[2], derived from the verb gala ('to sing, perform galdr').[6] Moreover, a master of the craft was also said to be able to raise storms, make distant ships sink, make swords blunt, make armour soft and decide victory or defeat in battles.[2] Examples of this can be found in Grógaldr and in Frithiof's Saga.[2] In Grógaldr, Gróa chants nine (a significant number in Norse mythology) {{lang|non|galdrar}} to aid her son, and in Buslubœn, the schemes of king Ring of Östergötland are averted.[7] It is also mentioned in several of the poems in the Poetic Edda, and for instance in Hávamál, where Odin claims to know 18 {{lang|non|galdrar}}.[1] For instance, Odin mastered galdrar against fire, sword edges, arrows, fetters and storms, and he could conjure up the dead and speak to them.[8][9] There are other references in Skírnismál,[1] where Skirnir uses {{lang|non|galdrar}} to force Gerðr to marry Freyr[7] as exemplified by the following stanza: {{Verse translation|lang=non|34. Heyri jötnar, heyri hrímþursar, synir Suttungs, sjalfir ásliðar, hvé ek fyrbýð, hvé ek fyrirbanna manna glaum mani, manna nyt mani.[10] | 34. "Give heed, frost-rulers, hear it, giants. Sons of Suttung, And gods, ye too, How I forbid and how I ban The meeting of men with the maid, (The joy of men with the maid.)[11] }} A notable reference to the use of {{lang|non|galdrar}} is the eddic poem Oddrúnargrátr, where Borgny could not give birth before Oddrún had chanted "biting {{lang|non|galdrar}}"[5] (but they are translated as potent charms, by Henry Adams Bellows below): {{Verse translation|lang=non|7. Þær hykk mæltu þvígit fleira, gekk mild fyr kné meyju at sitja; ríkt gól Oddrún, rammt gól Oddrún, bitra galdra at Borgnýju. 8. Knátti mær ok mögr moldveg sporna, börn þau in blíðu við bana Högna; þat nam at mæla mær fjörsjúka, svá at hon ekki kvað orð it fyrra: 9. "Svá hjalpi þér hollar véttir, Frigg ok Freyja ok fleiri goð, sem þú feldir mér fár af höndum."[12] | 6. Then no more they spake, methinks; She went at the knees of the woman to sit; With magic Oddrun and mightily Oddrun Chanted for Borgny potent charms. 7. At last were born a boy and girl, Son and daughter of Hogni's slayer; Then speech the woman so weak began, Nor said she aught ere this she spake: 8. "So may the holy ones thee help, Frigg and Freyjaand favoring gods, As thou hast saved me from sorrow now."[13] }} See also
Notes1. ^1 2 The article Galder in Nationalencyklopedin (1992) 2. ^1 2 3 The article galder in Henrikson A., Törngren D. and Hansson L. (1998). Stora mythologiska uppslagsboken. {{ISBN|91-37-11346-1}} 3. ^Hellquist, E. (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, Lund. p. 177 4. ^1 The article Galdralag in Nationalencyklopedin (1992) 5. ^1 2 3 4 Steinsland, G. & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:72 6. ^[https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=galen&pz=1 Svenska Akademiens Ordbok: galen] 7. ^1 The article galder in Nordisk familjebok (1908). 8. ^{{cite book |last=Turville-Petre |first=E.O.G |title=Myth and religion of the North: the religion of ancient Scandinavia |year=1964 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Wilson |isbn=0-837174201 }} 9. ^Schön 2004:86 10. ^Skírnismál {{webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20070910215457/http%3A//www.heimskringla.no/original/edda/skirnismal.php |date=2007-09-10 }} at «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad», Norway. 11. ^Skirnismol in translation by Henry Adams Bellows. 12. ^Oddrúnarkviða{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad», Norway. 13. ^The Lament of Oddrun in Henry Adams Bellows' translation. Bibliography
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