| 词条 | Ganghwa Island incident |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Ganghwa |partof= |image=Soldiers from the Un'yō attacking the Yeongjong castle on a Korean island (woodblock print, 1876).jpg |image_size=300px |caption=Japanese marines landing from the Un'yō at Yeongjong Island which is near Ganghwa. |date=September 20, 1875 |place=Ganghwa Island, Korea (now Ganghwa Island, South Korea) |coordinates= |result=Japanese victory
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} |combatant2= Korea |commander1=Inoue Yoshika |commander2=Unknown |strength1=Land: 22 sailors and marines Sea: 1 gunboat |strength2=Land: 500 infantry Artillery pieces |casualties1=1 killed 1 wounded |casualties2=35 killed{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=43}} 16 captured 36 artillery piece and small cannon captured 1 fort destroyed }}{{Campaignbox Ganghwa Island War}} The Ganghwa Island incident or the Japanese Battle of Ganghwa ({{lang-ko|운요호 사건 [雲揚號事件]}} Unyo-ho sageon meaning "Un'yō incident"; {{lang-ja|江華島{{linktext|事件}}}} Kōkatō jiken), was a purposely armed clash between the Joseon dynasty of Korea and Japan which occurred in the vicinity of Ganghwa Island on September 20, 1875. BackgroundIn the second half of the 19th century, the Korean peninsula was the scene of a power struggle between several imperial powers including the Russians and the French, as well as the Chinese and the Japanese. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 ended the 265-year-old feudalistic Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. The new government of Japan sent a messenger holding a letter with the sovereign's message which informed of the founding of a new administration of Japan to the government of Korea Joseon dynasty on December 19, 1868. However, the Koreans refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters 皇 ("royal, imperial") and 勅 ("imperial decree").{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=31}} According to the political system of the day, only the Chinese emperor was allowed to use these characters, as they signified the imperial authority of China.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=31}} Hence, their use by a Japanese sovereign was considered unacceptable to the Koreans, as it implied he was an equal of the emperor of China.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=31}} The Chinese suggested to the Koreans to receive the sovereign letter from Japan, because China knew the power of Japan at that moment.[1] Despite government-level negotiations held in 1875 at Pusan, no substantial progress was made. Instead, tension grew as the Koreans continued to refuse to recognize Japan's claims of equality with China and Japanese politicians insisted on the conquest of the Joseon dynasty to solve social problems in Japan. Engagement at Ganghwa islandGanghwa Island, had been a site of violent confrontations between Korean forces and foreign forces in the previous decade. In 1866, the island was briefly occupied during the French expedition against Korea, and in 1871 the site of an American expedition. The memories of those confrontations were very fresh, and there was little question that the Korean garrison would shoot at any approaching foreign ship. On the morning of September 20 1875, the Un'yō under the command of Inoue Yoshika was dispatched to survey Korean coastal waters. While surveying the Western coast of Korea, the Japanese put ashore a party on Ganghwa Island to request water and provisions.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=43}} When the shore batteries of the Korean forts fired on the Un'yō, the Japanese response was swift and severe.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=43}} After bombarding the Korean fortifications, the Japanese landed a shore party that torched several houses on the island and engaged Korean troops. Armed with modern rifles, they made quick work of the Koreans who carried matchlock muskets; consequently, thirty-five Korean soldiers were killed.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=43}} News of the incident did not reach Tokyo until September 28, but the following day the Dajōkan decided to dispatch gun boats to Pusan to protect Japanese residents there. It also began deliberating whether or not to send a mission to Korea to settle the incident.{{sfn|Duus|1998|p=43}} AftermathThe number of casualties of the incident were recorded at 35 of the Joseon Dynasty with two Japanese soldiers wounded. In addition, 16 Korean naval personnel were captured by Japan. Many weapons were also looted. After the incident, the Imperial Japanese Navy blockaded the immediate area and requested an official apology from the Joseon government, which was concluded with the dispatch of the Kuroda mission and the signing of the Treaty of Ganghwa on February 27, 1876, which opened the Korean Peninsula to Japanese and foreign trade. See also
Notes1. ^OH, Bonnie. Sino-Japanese Rivalry in Korea. p. 43 References
11 : Battles involving Japan|Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea|Battles involving Joseon Dynasty|Naval battles involving Japan|Naval battles involving Korea|1875 in Korea|Yellow Sea|Combat incidents|Punitive expeditions of Japan|Conflicts in 1875|September 1875 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。