“Chinese adjectives”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Chinese adjectives

释义

Attributive (before nouns)
Predicative (after nouns)
First pattern Second pattern
Parts of speech

Chinese adjectives ({{Zh|s=形容词|t={{linktext|形容詞}}|p=xíngróngcí}}) differ from those in English in that they can be used as verbs (for example {{Zh|p=tiān hēi le|c={{linktext|天|黑|了}}|labels=no}}; {{Abbr|{{small|lit.}}|literally}} "sky black _{{{small|PERFECTIVE}}}") and thus linguists sometimes prefer to use the terms static or stative verb to describe them.

Attributive (before nouns)

When a noun is modified using an adjective, the associative particle {{lang|zh|的}} de is inserted between the adjective and the noun. For example, {{lang|zh|高兴}}{{lang|zh|的}}{{lang|zh|孩子}} gāo xìng de hái zi "happy child". {{lang|zh|的}} is sometimes omitted to reduce repetitiveness (e.g., two or more instances of {{lang|zh|的}} within a sentence); it is also omitted in some established{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} adjective-noun pairs to improve sentence flow (e.g., the TV show {{lang|zh|快乐中国}} in China). It is also more typical to omit {{lang|zh|的}} when a single-syllable adjective is used than for a multi-syllable adjective (e.g., compare {{lang|zh|坏人}} ({{lang|zh-hant|壞人}}) with {{lang|zh|奇怪的人}}). In general, there are no strict rules regarding when {{lang|zh|的}} can be omitted; however, some adjectives and adjective-noun pairs are more often seen without the associative particle than others.

Some examples:

{{Ruby-zh-p|坏|huài}} {{Ruby-zh-p|人|rén}} （{{lang|zh-hant|壞人}}）— "bad person"
{{Ruby-zh-p|奇怪|qíguài}} {{Ruby-zh-p|的|de}} {{Ruby-zh-p|人|rén}} — "strange person"
{{Ruby-zh-p|可爱|kěài}} {{Ruby-zh-p|的|de}} {{Ruby-zh-p|熊猫|xióngmāo}} （{{lang|zh-hant|可愛的熊貓}}）— "cute panda"

Predicative (after nouns)

First pattern

Unlike English, subjects and predicate adjectives in a Chinese sentence are not linked by copula but by degree adverbs, such as {{lang|zh|{{linktext|很}}}} hěn "very," {{lang|zh|{{linktext|好}}}} hǎo "highly", {{lang|zh|{{linktext|真}}}} zhēn "really," and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|非常}}}} fēicháng "extraordinarily, extremely." For example, the following sentences express increasing degrees of "beauty":

{{Ruby-zh-p|她|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|很|hěn}} {{Ruby-zh-p|漂亮|piàoliang}}。
She is beautiful.
{{Ruby-zh-p|她|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|好|hǎo}} {{Ruby-zh-p|漂亮|piàoliang}}。
She is very beautiful.
{{Ruby-zh-p|她|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|真|zhēn}} {{Ruby-zh-p|漂亮|piàoliang}}。
She is really beautiful.
{{Ruby-zh-p|她|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|非常|fēicháng}} {{Ruby-zh-p|漂亮|piàoliang}}。
She is extraordinarily beautiful.

A complementary adverb (e.g. {{lang|zh|极了}} jí le) can also specify the degree of an adjective:

{{Ruby-zh-p|她|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|漂亮|piàoliang}} {{Ruby-zh-p|极|jí}} {{Ruby-zh-p|了|le}}　（{{lang|zh-hant|她漂亮極了}}）。
She is exceedingly beautiful.

NB: {{lang|zh|很}} often functions as a dummy linking{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} adverb and does not carry the meaning of "very". For example, {{lang|zh|她很漂亮}} is often understood and translated as "She is beautiful".

Besides, in colloquial Chinese the pattern "{{lang|zh|AA死了}}" (sǐ le, literally "to death") or "{{lang|zh|AA死BB了}}" is sometimes used in exaggeration to highlight the extent of influence, where AA is an adjective and BB is the thing being affected. Examples include

"{{lang|zh|热死了}}" ({{lang|zh|热}} rè = hot) - meaning "It's so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
"{{lang|zh|饿死了}}" ({{lang|zh|饿}} è = hungry) - meaning "[I feel] so hungry [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
"{{lang|zh|热死我了}}" - meaning "I feel so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"

Second pattern

The linking verb {{lang|zh|是}} shì (to be) is used with adjectives in the pattern—Noun + {{lang|zh|是}} + Adj + {{lang|zh|的}}—to state or emphasize a fact or a perceived fact. For example:

{{Ruby-zh-p|他|tā}} {{Ruby-zh-p|是|shì}} {{Ruby-zh-p|男|nán}} {{Ruby-zh-p|的|de}}。
He is male.
{{Ruby-zh-p|那|nà}} {{Ruby-zh-p|辆|liàng}} {{Ruby-zh-p|车|chē}} {{Ruby-zh-p|是|shì}} {{Ruby-zh-p|新|xīn}} {{Ruby-zh-p|的|de}}（{{lang|zh-hant|那輛車是新的}}）。
That car is new.
{{Ruby-zh-p|那|nà}} {{Ruby-zh-p|只|zhī}} {{Ruby-zh-p|猫|māo}} {{Ruby-zh-p|是|shì}} {{Ruby-zh-p|黑|hēi}} {{Ruby-zh-p|的|de}}（{{lang|zh-hant|那隻貓是黑的}}）。
That cat is black.

Since {{lang|zh|的}} is a possessive particle, and the following noun is understood here, more precise translations would be "He is a male one", "That car is a new one", and "That cat is a black one".

Parts of speech

Chinese pronouns
Chinese verbs
Chinese particles
Chinese grammar

1 : Chinese grammar

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