“Gauss's principle of least constraint”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Gauss's principle of least constraint

释义

Statement
Connections to other formulations
Hertz's principle of least curvature
See also
References
External links

The principle of least constraint is one formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829.

Statement

The principle of least constraint is a least squares principle stating that the true accelerations of a mechanical system of masses is the minimum of the quantity

where the kth particle has mass , position vector , and applied non-constraint force acting on the mass. The notation d/dt indicates a time derivative. The corresponding accelerations satisfy the imposed constraints, which in general depends on the current state of the system, .

Connections to other formulations

Gauss's principle is equivalent to D'Alembert's principle.

The principle of least constraint is qualitatively similar to Hamilton's principle, which states that the true path taken by a mechanical system is an extremum of the action. However, Gauss's principle is a true (local) minimal principle, whereas the other is an extremal principle.

Hertz's principle of least curvature

Hertz's principle of least curvature is a special case of Gauss's principle, restricted by the two conditions that there are no externally applied forces, no interactions (which can usually be expressed as a potential energy), and all masses are equal. Without loss of generality, the masses may be set equal to one. Under these conditions, Gauss's minimized quantity can be written

The kinetic energy is also conserved under these conditions

Since the line element in the -dimensional space of the coordinates is defined

the conservation of energy may also be written

Dividing by yields another minimal quantity

Since is the local curvature of the trajectory in the -dimensional space of the coordinates, minimization of is equivalent to finding the trajectory of least curvature (a geodesic) that is consistent with the constraints.

Hertz's principle is also a special case of Jacobi's formulation of the least-action principle.

References

{{cite journal |last=Gauss |first=C. F. |year=1829 |title=Über ein neues allgemeines Grundgesetz der Mechanik |journal=Crelle's Journal |volume=4 |issue= |pages=232 |doi=10.1515/crll.1829.4.232 }}
{{cite book |last=Gauss |first=C. F. |year= |title=Werke |volume=5 |page=23 }}
{{cite book |last=Hertz |first=H. |year=1896 |title=Principles of Mechanics |series=Miscellaneous Papers |volume=III |publisher=Macmillan }}
{{cite book |last=Lanczos |first=Cornelius |year=1952 |title=The Variational Principles of Mechanics |publisher=Dover | page=106 }}

External links

A modern discussion and proof of Gauss's principle
Gauss's principle of least constraint
Hertz's principle of least curvature

1 : Classical mechanics

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Statement

Connections to other formulations

Hertz's principle of least curvature

See also

References

External links