“Gay bishops”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This article largely discusses presence of openly gay, lesbian or bisexual bishops in churches governed under episcopal polities. The existence of homosexual bishops in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and other traditions is a matter of historical record, though never, until recently, considered licit by any of the main Christian denominations.^[1] Homosexual activity was engaged in secretly. When it was made public, official response ranged from suspension of sacramental duties to laicization.^[2]

The higher prominence given today to the presence of homosexual clergy, including bishops, in the life of the church reflects broader issues, both socially and ecclesiologically (see List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality), concerning issues of social tolerance and the relationship between social change and doctrinal development. The issue has attracted greater attention in recent years following the development of the gay rights movement, and the increasing discussion within some Christian churches over the legitimacy of gay clergy in senior positions.

This has precipitated crises in various Christian denominations, resulting from divergent construals of Christian ethical doctrines (see Homosexuality and Christianity), which in turn are associated with the interpretation of the Bible (exegesis and hermeneutics). Traditionally, Christian doctrine has categorised homosexual activity as sinful. It was not until the late twentieth century, with the growing tolerance and understanding in Europe and North America towards sexual orientation and gays and lesbians, that bishops and other clergy have begun coming out. However, the controversial nature of the issue in many churches has meant that such revelations normally emerge as a result of public scandal.

A 2006 survey of weekly church-goers in United States, for example, found that there remained significant opposition in some US congregations to the idea of gay pastors and bishops serving openly. This is most marked among Evangelical Christians, who are 80% opposed; to around opposition among half of Catholic congregations. Even amongst those who rarely or never attend church a disapproval of 40% was observed.^[3]

Historical context

It was customary in the past for individuals – whether clergy or not – to remain secretive (in the closet) about their sexual orientation and activity. This was mainly because there was generally low tolerance for homosexuality across society, and those caught faced severe criminal sanctions (often including death). Nor is it straightforward to identify individuals before the 19th century as homosexual or "gay" in the modern sense of the world.

Nevertheless, as far back as the sixth century (CE) the Greek chronicler John Malalas wrote about Isaiah, Bishop of Rhodes and Alexander, Bishop of Diospolis in Thracia who had been punished by the Prefect of Thrace (Victor) for "homosexual practices". Isaiah was tortured severely and exiled, while Alexander had his genitals amputated and was subsequently paraded around the city on a litter. As a result the Emperor Justinian decreed that all caught for pederasty should have their genitals amputated. Many homosexual men were arrested in the wake of this, and died from their injuries. An atmosphere of fear followed.^[4]

In the eleventh century, Ralph, Archbishop of Tours in France had his lover Jean installed as Bishop of Orléans in France. Neither Pope Urban II, nor his successor Paschal II took action to depose either man from the episcopacy.^[5]

Baldric of Dol (c. 1050–1130), abbot of Bourgueil and subsequently Bishop of Dol-en-Bretagne in France, wrote passionate letters to a man simply called "Walter": "If you wish to take up lodging with me, I will divide my heart and breast with you. I will share with you anything of mine that can be divided; If you command it, I will share my very soul."

Several of the poems of Marbodius of Rennes (d. 1123), Bishop of Rennes in France, speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires although stop short of consummating physical relationships (An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex). Poems, such as the one where he sent an urgent demand that his beloved return if he wished the speaker to remain faithful to him, have been interpreted to indicate that more than poetic invention was involved.^[6]

After the reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, public scandal touched upon the fondness of Cardinal Scipione Borghese (Archbishop of Bologna) for Cardinal Stefano Pignatelli (his likely lover).

In the 16th century in Italy, Pope Julius III (Bishop of Rome) was rumored to have a romantic relationship with a teenage boy named Innocenzo.^[7] In the 18th century notable examples of emotional and perhaps romantic relationships among bishops include Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart and Giovanni Lercari (the Archbishop of Genoa).

In the Anglican Communion, John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury in England (1583–1604), formed a close relationship with Andrew Perne while at university in Cambridge. Perne went on to live with Whitgift in his old age. Puritan satirists would later mock Whitgift as "Perne's boy" who was willing to carry his cloak-bag – thus suggesting that the two had enjoyed a homosexual relationship.^[8] William Laud (d. 1645), also Archbishop of Canterbury, managed homosexual leanings discreetly, but confided his erotic dreams about the Duke of Buckingham and others to a private diary.^[9] In the 19th century Cardinal John Henry Newman remained close to Ambrose St. John and was attacked by contemporaries for his "lack of masculinity". The two were buried in the same grave.

Modern day

Anglican Communion

U.S. Episcopal Church

It is in contemporary Anglicanism that the issue of homosexuality and its relationship to people in the episcopate has been confronted openly. Indeed, the first large mainstream church to ever consecrate an openly gay bishop who was not celibate has been the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a member of the Anglican Communion, who consecrated Gene Robinson diocesan bishop of the Diocese of New Hampshire in 2003.^[11]

Robinson was elected bishop coadjutor in 2003 and succeeded as diocesan bishop in March 2004. Before becoming bishop, he served as Canon to the Ordinary to the VIII Bishop of New Hampshire. His sexual orientation was privately acknowledged in the 1970s, when he studied in seminary, was ordained, married, and started a family. He went public with his sexual identity and divorced in 1986.^[12] He entered a formal relationship with his second partner, Mark Andrew, in 1988. When delegates to the Episcopal convention were voting on the ratification of his election, it became an issue of controversy. His election was ratified 62 to 45. After his election, many theologically conservative Episcopalians in the United States abandoned the Episcopal Church, formed the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) and aligned themselves with bishops outside the Episcopal Church in the United States, a process called the Anglican realignment.

There have been documented cases of other openly gay Anglican bishops, however. The first bishop to come out as gay was the US Episcopal bishop Otis Charles, who did so soon after his retirement in 1993. He subsequently divorced from his wife.^[13] He had been a bishop in Utah from 1971 to 1993, and after coming out became vocal in his support for LGBT rights while remaining a member of the Episcopal House of Bishops. In 1999 he was arrested and escorted away in handcuffs after a protest at the Episcopal church national convention against the church's historical treatment of gay people. He went on to legally marry his partner, Felipe Sanchez-Paris in 2008.^[14]

The Rt Revd Mary Douglas Glasspool, who is openly gay and lives with her partner of 20 years, was elected as a suffragan bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of Los Angeles in December 2009 and was consecrated on May 15, 2010.^[15] Her election has attracted worldwide attention, including an expression of concern from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.^[16] In response to expressions of concern that her election would be viewed as a threat to the cohesion of the Anglican Communion, Glasspool said, "I've committed my life as a life of service to the people of Jesus Christ, and what hurts is the sense that anybody might have that my name or my servanthood could be perceived as divisive."^[17]

Bishop Thomas Shaw of Massachusetts, a celibate monk who previously served as superior of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, discussed his experiences as a gay monk, priest, and bishop in the 2012 documentary Love Free or Die, about Robinson's election. A longtime supporter of the full inclusion of gays and lesbians in the church, he had avoided broaching the subject of his own sexuality because as a monk "he did not want to send the message that, as some conservatives argue, gay people should be celibate."^[18]

Church of England

In 1993 Peter Ball resigned from his position as Bishop of Gloucester after admitting to an act of gross indecency with a 19-year-old man.^[19]

In 1994 the gay rights campaign group OutRage!, led by Peter Tatchell, began to concentrate on religious homophobia. It was revealed in the press that the new Bishop of Durham, Michael Turnbull, had a conviction for a gay sex offence and OutRage! disrupted his ordination ceremony. There were other bishops known or suspected to be gay in private and OutRage! held a demonstration outside Church House in London naming ten bishops and urging them to "Tell the truth!" Although the ten bishops were not named in the British press, their names were published in an Australian gay newspaper, the Melbourne Star Observer, and has since been published on the internet. They included Timothy Bavin (Bishop of Portsmouth), Br Michael (Fisher) (assistant bishop, Ely), John Klyberg (Bishop suffragan of Fulham), Michael Marshall (assistant bishop, London), Brian Masters (area Bishop of Edmonton), John Neill (assistant bishop, Bath & Wells), Jack Nicholls (Bishop suffragan of Lancaster), Mervyn Stockwood (assistant bishop, Bath & Wells) and Michael Turnbull (Bishop of Durham).^[20]^[21] However, OutRage produced no evidence for any of its claims.

At the same time, Tatchell began a dialogue with the Bishop of London, David Hope, who had not been named as the group thought that he could be persuaded to come out voluntarily.^[22] Press stories speculating about the personal sexuality of bishops led Hope to fear the worst and he called a press conference in February 1995 at which he denounced OutRage! for putting him under pressure. While admitting that his sexuality was "a grey area", he had "sought to lead a celibate life" and was "perfectly happy and content".^[23]

Mervyn Stockwood, who was gay, was bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark, but also celibate. He even gently rebuked a parish priest for initiating the blessing of same-sex unions in the late 1970s.

Appointed as the suffragan Bishop of Edmonton (London) in 1999, the Rt Revd Peter Wheatley is gay and has been living with his partner saying that he is "a celibate Christian living by Christian teachings".^[24] This does not appear to have generated any significant controversy. Bishop Wheatley is opposed to the ordination of women to the episcopate.^[25]

In 2003, the Very Revd Jeffrey John, at the time Canon Chancellor and Theologian of Southwark Cathedral, was chosen to be the Bishop of Reading (a suffragan of the Bishop of Oxford).^[11] John has been in a relationship with another male priest for many years, though he also says that their relationship is celibate.^[26] As a result of the ensuing controversy, however, John withdrew his acceptance of the appointment. He was subsequently appointed Dean of St Albans. John again emerged in the debate over gay bishops in July 2010 following widespread media reports that he was the Crown Nomination Commission's preferred candidate for appointment by the Queen as Bishop of Southwark^[27] though subsequent reports suggested that this was not the case or that his name had been rejected following leaking of the proposal.^[28]

In 2013, it was announced that the Church of England's House of Bishops had approved plans to allow gay men to become appointed as bishops if they were celibate, including those such as Jeffrey John who are in civil partnerships.^[29]

In 2016, Bishop Nicholas Chamberlain, the bishop of Grantham in the diocese of Lincoln, announced he was gay and in a same-sex partnership becoming the first bishop to do so in the Church of England.^[30]

Anglican Church of Southern Africa

Bishop Merwyn Castle was consecrated Bishop of False Bay (a suffragan of the diocese of Cape Town) in 1994, but because most Anglicans outside South Africa were unaware of his homosexuality, and because he was celibate, no comparable controversy took place. The Anglican Church of Southern Africa has no official position on homosexuality.^[31]

Scottish Episcopal Church

In 1995, Bishop Derek Rawcliffe, retired Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in the Scottish Episcopal Church, disclosed his homosexuality.^[32] Like Terry Brown (see below), Rawcliffe had also served as a bishop in Melanesia.

Church of Melanesia

Bishop Terry Brown, of Malaita in the Solomon Islands, attended the 1998 Lambeth Conference (which declared same-sex relationships "incompatible with Scripture") as an openly gay man (he also attended the 2008 Lambeth Conference).^[33]

Anglican Church of Canada

Barry Hollowell, who resigned as Bishop of Calgary in the Anglican Church of Canada in 2005, came out publicly in 2008 after the death of his wife, who had been aware of his sexual orientation at the time of his election to the episcopate.^[34] In 2016, the Diocese of Toronto elected as a suffragan bishop, an openly gay and partnered priest, the Reverend Canon Kevin Robertson.^[35] He was consecrated on January 7, 2017 as Bishop of York-Scarborough. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Roman Catholic Church

Bishop Thomas Gumbleton, a retired Catholic bishop in the Diocese of Detroit, has consistently been a supporter of New Ways Ministry and has also called for homosexual priests and bishops to "come out" and be truthful to themselves and others.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} Gumbleton has acted as a keynote speaker at Call to Action conferences. In 1995 he wore a mitre at a church service on which were symbols of the cross, a rainbow and a pink triangle in solidarity with the gay community.^[36] Later, he came into the public eye before the Vatican's Instruction with regard to the ordination of homosexual men was released, arguing against Fr. Baker's article on the issue in America.^[37]

Francis Spellman, Cardinal Archbishop of New York, was long rumored to have been gay, according to a book by John Cooney, who said that many whom he interviewed took his homosexuality for granted.^[38] In addition, a book published in 1998 claims that during World War II, Spellman was carrying on a relationship with a chorus boy in the Broadway revue One Touch of Venus.^[39] Spellman defended Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1953 investigations of subversives and homosexuals in the federal government.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Archbishop Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee, Wisconsin retired on May 24, 2002 following the revelation that he had used $450,000 in archdiocesan funds to settle a lawsuit accusing him of sexual harassment. In a statement one week later, he admitted the falsity of his previous assertion that income he had earned outside of his priestly occupation (and turned over to the Church) exceeded the $450,000.^[40] In 2009 he confirmed that he was gay, but did not reveal any details of his relationships.^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

The auxiliary Roman Catholic Bishop of Cape Town, South Africa, Reginald Cawcutt, resigned in July 2002 following allegations that he outed himself as gay on a sometimes-sexually charged website set up for gay priests. Bishop Reginald Cawcutt blamed the scandal on the conservative U.S. organization Roman Catholic Faithful which infiltrated the now closed website, called St. Sebastian's Angels, and traced posting addresses.^[44]

In 2003, Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër was removed from office by John Paul II for alleged sexual misconduct with younger men who were students in his care. Officially, the Pope accepted the resignation letter which Groër had written on the occasion of his 75th birthday. This made Groër, who had adamantly refused to ever comment in public on the allegations, one of the highest-ranking Catholic clerics to become caught up in the sexual abuse scandals.^[45]

In 2005, Juan Carlos Maccarone, the Bishop of Santiago del Estero in Argentina was forced to resign after images were released of him engaged in sexual activity with another man. Suggestion was made that the former state governor Carlos Juarez had been involved in the release after criticism of the governor's human rights record.^[46]

In February 2013, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, leader of the Catholic church in Scotland, was forced to resign as archbishop three months ahead of planned retirement because of allegations of inappropriate acts with four priests during the 1980s, but also more recently. O'Brien had been a vocal critic of the UK Government's plans to introduce same-sex marriage.^[49]

In October 2016, a group in favour of marriage equality in Mexico called the Pride National Front (FON) outed a number of Catholic leaders who they said were homosexual. The list included Hipólito Reyes Larios, Archbishop of Xalapa in Veracruz.^[50]

Lutheranism

In 2008 the gay German priest Horst Gorski was nominated for election as a bishop in the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Germany. He lost against Gerhard Ulrich. In 2015, however, Gorski became the first homosexual to serve as head of office for the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany (VELKD) and Vice-President of the

In May 2009 the Diocese of Stockholm in the Church of Sweden elected Eva Brunne as its bishop. She won the vote by 413 votes to 365 and officially succeeded Bishop Caroline Krook in November 2009. Brunne is married to her partner, Gunilla Linden, who is a priest and with whom she has a son. Brunne is believed to be the world's first openly lesbian bishop.

Following her appointment, Brunne said: "I am happy and very proud to be part of a church that encourages people to make their own decisions." She added: "Diversity is a big wealth."^[52]

In May 2013, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) elected its first openly gay bishop, Bishop Guy Erwin, to office as the bishop of the Southwest California Synod.^[53]

In 2015 the Church of Sweden elected Mikael Mogren as bishop of Västerås, and thus got their first openly gay male bishop. He came out publicly as gay in one of his books published in 2013,^[54] without much public attention to the fact neither then nor at the time of his election. In one of the interviews following the election that mentioned his orientation, Mogren explained that he is "not a single-issue party".^[55]

United Methodist Church

In 2016, the Western Jurisdiction of the United Methodist Church elected its first openly gay and partnered bishop.^[57] Before being elected, Bishop Karen Oliveto had served as senior pastor of Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco.^[58] Earlier in 2016, the New York Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church had ordained the denomination's first openly LGBTQ clergy.^[59] At the United Methodist Church's General Conference, the delegates voted in favor of a motion to defer the issue of human sexuality to the Council of Bishops to reexamine the Book of Discipline.^[60] On May 7, 2018 the Council of Bishops in the United Methodist Church proposed allowing individual pastors and regional church bodies to decide whether to ordain LGBT clergy and perform same-sex weddings, though this proposal can only be approved by the General Conference.^[61]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Boswell|first=John|title=Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226067117|page=211|edition=Paperback}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Boswell|first=John|title=Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226067117|pages=214–15|edition=Paperback}}
3. ^Rasmussen Reports, 2006-06-30. Churchgoers Disapprove of Gay and Lesbian Pastors. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
4. ^The Chronicle of John Malalas, 18:18
5. ^Boswell, 214–215
6. ^John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, Chicago, 1980
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=Notorious Cardinals: A Rogue's Gallery of Powerful Prelates|url=http://world.time.com/2013/03/13/notorious-cardinals-a-rogues-gallery-of-powerful-prelates/slide/innocenzo-ciocchi-del-monte/|accessdate=20 May 2016|agency=Time Magazine|issue=THE VATICAN|publisher=Time Warner|date=March 12, 2013}}
8. ^Patrick Collinson, Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan Anti-Puritanism, University of Cambridge, 2013
9. ^{{cite book |author=Diarmaid MacCulloch|title=Reformation|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|page=517|isbn=0-140-28534-2}}
10. ^Bray, Alan (1982). Homosexuality in Renaissance England. London: Gay Men's Press
11. ^¹The Guardian, "The Guardian profile: Gene Robinson", Stephen Bates, 31 October 2003. Retrieved on 1 September 2006.
12. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/09/09/gay-bishop-gene-robinson-20-years-ago-coming-out-was-almost-like-committing-suicide/| title=Gay bishop Gene Robinson: '20 years ago, coming out was almost like committing suicide'| date=September 9, 2009| newspaper=Pink News| access-date=June 21, 2016}}
13. ^LGBT Religious Archives Network, Profiles {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206223340/http://lgbtran.org/Profile.asp?A=C&ID=129 |date=2006-02-06 }}. Retrieved on September 12, 2006.
14. ^Gay Star News, 1 January 2014
15. ^Episcopal Life Online{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} item, May 15, 2010
16. ^Media Release, December 6, 2009 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611150741/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/2650?q=glasspool |date=June 11, 2011 }}
17. ^http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/12/09/us-lesbian-bishop-elect-hurt-by-claims-she-is-divisive/
18. ^{{cite web|last=Wangsness|first=Lisa|title=Episcopal bishop sought to end conflict, build bridges|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/01/21/bishop-thomas-shaw-sought-find-voice-public-square/c46lHFf9NZRWGcRvnyQpvO/story.html|work=Boston Globe|accessdate=2 January 2014}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/bishop-quits-after-police-caution-for-indecency-1496511.html|title=Bishop quits after police caution for indecency - UK - News - The Independent|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=1993-03-09|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 May 2012|location=London}}
20. ^http://www.petertatchell.net/religion/archbishopyork.htm
21. ^Melbourne Star Observer, 6 January 1995
22. ^New York Times, 19 March 1995: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/19/world/gay-issue-roils-church-of-england.html?src=pm
23. ^Herald Scotland, 1995: http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/promotion-to-york-for-the-grey-area-bishop-1.685694
24. ^The Times, 23 June 2003, article by Ruth Gledhill
25. ^Forward In Faith UK, Open Letter to the Archbishops, 30 June 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616210443/http://www.forwardinfaith.com/artman/publish/article_413.shtml |date=16 June 2011 }}
26. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/19/church-england-allow-gay-bishops | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Anglicanism - Church of England (News), World news, Religion (News), Christianity (News), Gay rights (News), Rowan Williams, UK news, Equality Act 2010, Law, Sexuality (Society) | date=19 June 2011}}
27. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7870158/Gay-cleric-in-line-to-become-bishop-in-Church-of-England.html Telegraph] Item, Gay cleric in line to become bishop in Church of England, July 3, 2010
28. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7877839/Gay-cleric-blocked-from-becoming-Church-of-England-bishop.html Telegraph] item, Gay cleric blocked from becoming Church of England bishop July 7, 2010
29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20914799|title=CofE drops opposition to gay bishops in civil partnerships|publisher=BBC News Online|date=4 January 2013|accessdate=5 January 2013}}
30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/02/nicholas-chamberlain-bishop-of-grantham-c-of-e-gay-relationship|title=Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship|last=correspondent|first=Harriet Sherwood Religion|date=2016-09-02|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-03}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucc.org/global-trend-worlds-oldest|title=Global trend: World's oldest Protestant churches now ordain gays and lesbians|access-date=2016-07-16}}
32. ^Helen Gibson, TIME Magazine, 2003-06-29. A House Divided. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
33. ^Nicholas Knisely, Episcopal Café, 2007-09-07, Another Gay bishop {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235842/http://www.episcopalcafe.com/lead/bishops/another_gay_bishop_1.html |date=2008-02-27 }}. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
34. ^{{cite web|last=Hollowell |first=Barry |title=The Experience of Spirituality in the Lives of Anglican Gay Men |url=http://theses.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/11023/126/2/ucalgary_2012_hollowell_barry.pdf |publisher=University of Calgary |accessdate=1 October 2013 |page=7 |format=PhD dissertation |year=2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215233/http://theses.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/11023/126/2/ucalgary_2012_hollowell_barry.pdf |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df= }}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.toronto.anglican.ca/2016/09/17/diocese-elects-three-new-suffragan-bishops/|title=Diocese elects three new suffragan bishops|website=The Diocese of Toronto|access-date=2016-09-19}}
36. ^New Ways Ministry. 1995 Building Bridges Award Recipient 1995
37. ^America. Yes, Gay Men Should Be Ordained {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403124916/http://www.americamagazine.org/gettext.cfm?articleTypeID=1&textID=2508&issueID=403 |date=2007-04-03 }} 30 September 2002
38. ^John Cooney, The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman, New York, 1984,
39. ^John Loughery,The Other Side of Silence: Men's Lives and Gay Identities, New York, 1998, p. 152
40. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=47750 |title=Weakland begs for forgiveness |first1=Tom |last1=Heinen |last2=Zahn |first2=Mary |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=2002-06-01 |accessdate=2007-07-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311034132/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=47750 |archivedate = 2007-03-11}}
41. ^WITI-TV, Milwaukee, 11 May 2009, relaying an Associated Press report
42. ^National Review, 2002 May 24
43. ^{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2002_July_23/ai_89871725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050130011618/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2002_July_23/ai_89871725 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2005-01-30 |title=The dangerous lives of gay priests |work=The Advocate |date=2002-07-23 |first=Mubarak |last=Dahir |accessdate=2007-07-07}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.multiline.com.au/~johnm/ethics/gaypriests.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-08-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060821182956/http://www.multiline.com.au/~johnm/ethics/gaypriests.htm |archivedate=2006-08-21 |df= }}
45. ^Obituary: Cardinal Hans Hermann Groer; Disgraced Archbishop of Vienna.(Obituaries) - The Independent (London, England) - HighBeam Research{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
46. ^http://www.indymedia.ie/newswire.php?story_id=71660 - retrieved 6 August 2009
47. ^On Top Magazine, 2 July 2009, "Uruguay Bishop Steps Down Amid Gay Sex Scandal".
48. ^Catholic News Agency, 1 July 2009, "Pope accepts resignation of Uruguayan bishop accused of sexual misconduct".
49. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21563345 |title=BBC News - Cardinal Keith O'Brien 'accused of inappropriate acts' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= 24 February 2013|accessdate=2013-02-24}}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/09/22/revelan-nombres-de-jerarcas-catolicos-con-orientacion-homosexual |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-10-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013223029/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/09/22/revelan-nombres-de-jerarcas-catolicos-con-orientacion-homosexual |archivedate=2016-10-13 |df= }}
51. ^https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://www.ekd.de/personen/gorski.html&prev=search
52. ^http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12673.html - retrieved 6 August 2009
53. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/31/rev-guy-erwin-lutheran-gay-bishop_n_3369794.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Paul | last=Raushenbush | title=First Openly Gay Lutheran Bishop Elected | date=31 May 2013}}
54. ^ QX, "Mikael Mogren vald till biskop"
55. ^ Dala-Demokraten, "DD möter Dalarnas nye biskop"
56. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/lutheran-bishop-comes-out-as-gay-after_us_55b6637ce4b0074ba5a54ac5|title=Bishop Comes Out As Gay After 'A Lifetime Of Denying' The Truth|last=Editor|first=Antonia Blumberg Associate Religion|last2=Post|first2=The Huffington|date=2015-07-27|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-11-02}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/western-jurisdiction-elects-openly-gay-united-methodist-bishop|title=Western Jurisdiction elects openly gay United Methodist bishop|last=Gilbert|first=Kath L.|date=July 15, 2016|website=www.umc.org|publisher=United Methodist Church|access-date=July 15, 2016}}
58. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/16/486300173/united-methodist-church-elects-first-openly-gay-bishop-in-defiance-of-church-rul|title=United Methodist Church Elects First Openly Gay Bishop, In Defiance Of Church Rules|access-date=2016-07-19}}
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61. ^[https://www.advocate.com/religion/2018/5/05/methodist-bishops-back-choice-lgbt-clergy-same-sex-marriage Advocate: Methodist Bishops Back Choice on LGBT Clergy, Same-Sex Marriage]