释义 |
- Tissue distribution
- Function
- References
- Further reading
{{Infobox_gene}}Growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3), also known as Vg-related gene 2 (Vgr-2) is protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF3 gene.[1] GDF3 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It has high similarity to other TGF-β superfamily members including Vg1 (found in frogs) and GDF1.[1] Tissue distribution Expression of GDF3 occurs in ossifying bone during embryonic development and in the brain, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and adipose tissue of adults.[2][3] Function GDF3 is a bi-functional protein that has some intrinsic activity and also modulate other TGF-β superfamily members, e.g. potentiates the activity of NODAL. It may also inhibit other TGF-β superfamily members (i.e. BMPs), thus regulating the balance between different modes of TGF-beta signaling.[4] It has been shown to negatively and positively control differentiation of embryonic stem cells in mice and humans.[5] This molecule plays a role in mesoderm and definitive endoderm formation during the pre-gastrulation stages of development.[2] References1. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Caricasole AA, van Schaik RH, Zeinstra LM, Wierikx CD, van Gurp RJ, van den Pol M, Looijenga LH, Oosterhuis JW, Pera MF, Ward A, de Bruijn D, Kramer P, de Jong FH, van den Eijnden-van Raaij AJ | title = Human growth-differentiation factor 3 (hGDF3): developmental regulation in human teratocarcinoma cell lines and expression in primary testicular germ cell tumours | journal = Oncogene | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–103 |date=January 1998 | pmid = 9467948 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1201515 | url = | issn = }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Chen C, Ware SM, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins DE, Habas R, Matzuk MM, Shen MM, Brown CW | title = The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo | journal = Development | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 319–29 |date=January 2006 | pmid = 16368929 | doi = 10.1242/dev.02210 | url = | issn = }} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hexige S, Guo J, Ma L, Sun Y, Liu X, Ma L, Yan X, Li Z, Yu L | title = Expression pattern of growth/differentiation factor 3 in human and murine cerebral cortex, hippocampus as well as cerebellum | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 389 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–7 |date=December 2005 | pmid = 16126341 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.071 | url = | issn = }} 4. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.4161/cc.5.10.2771 |vauthors=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-beta signaling |journal=Cell Cycle |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1069–73 |year=2006 |pmid=16721050}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=209–16 |year=2006 |pmid=16339188 |doi=10.1242/dev.02192}}
Further reading{{refbegin | 2}}- {{cite journal |vauthors=Davila S, Froeling FE, Tan A |title=New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine. |journal=Genes Immun. |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 232–8 |year= 2010 |pmid= 20237496 |doi= 10.1038/gene.2010.1 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=McPherron AC, Lee SJ |title=GDF-3 and GDF-9: two new members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily containing a novel pattern of cysteines. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 5 |pages= 3444–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8429021 |doi= }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Levine AJ, Brivanlou AH |title=GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos. |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue= 2 |pages= 209–16 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16339188 |doi= 10.1242/dev.02192 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Ye M, Berry-Wynne KM, Asai-Coakwell M |title=Mutation of the bone morphogenetic protein GDF3 causes ocular and skeletal anomalies. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=19 |issue= 2 |pages= 287–98 |year= 2010 |pmid= 19864492 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddp496 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 |pmc=528928 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Ducy P, Karsenty G |title=The family of bone morphogenetic proteins. |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=57 |issue= 6 |pages= 2207–14 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10844590 |doi= 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00081.x }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Gopalan A, Dhall D, Olgac S |title=Testicular mixed germ cell tumors: a morphological and immunohistochemical study using stem cell markers, OCT3/4, SOX2 and GDF3, with emphasis on morphologically difficult-to-classify areas. |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue= 8 |pages= 1066–74 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19396148 |doi= 10.1038/modpathol.2009.66 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E |title=The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 2265–70 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12975309 |doi= 10.1101/gr.1293003 |pmc=403697 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 |pmc=139241 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Andersson O, Korach-Andre M, Reissmann E |title=Growth/differentiation factor 3 signals through ALK7 and regulates accumulation of adipose tissue and diet-induced obesity. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=105 |issue= 20 |pages= 7252–6 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18480259 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0800272105 |pmc=2438236 |display-authors=etal}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Levine AJ, Levine ZJ, Brivanlou AH |title=GDF3 is a BMP inhibitor that can activate Nodal signaling only at very high doses. |journal=Dev. Biol. |volume=325 |issue= 1 |pages= 43–8 |year= 2009 |pmid= 18823971 |pmc=3740937 |doi= 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.006 }}
{{refend}}{{TGF beta signaling}}{{TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators}}{{gene-12-stub}} 2 : Developmental genes and proteins|TGFβ domain |