| 词条 | Chiricahua Mountains | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Chiricahua Mountains | photo = Chiricahua mtns-kmf.JPG | photo_size = 280px | photo_caption = Chiricahua Mountains - northeast flank (from Portal, AZ) | country = United States | state = Arizona | region = Madrean Sky Islands ((northwest)-Sonoran Desert) (northeast)-Chihuahuan Desert | region_type = Regions | district = Cochise | district_type = County | city = Willcox, AZ-NW | city1=Douglas, AZ-S | city2=Rodeo, NM-E | city3=Portal, AZ-(NE foothills) | city_type = Communities | topo = | topo_map = | topo_maker = | geology = | border = Dos Cabezas Mountains-NW San Simon Valley-NE & E San Bernardino Valley-SE Pedregosa Mountains-S Sulphur Springs Valley-NW, W & SW | orogeny = | length_mi = 35 | length_orientation = NW, then SW | width_mi = 21 | width_orientation = (arc-shape)-N-S | highest = Chiricahua Peak | elevation_ft = 9759 | range_coordinates = {{coord|31.9298117|N|109.3822849|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates = {{coord|31|50|47|N|109|17|28|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline}} | map = USA Arizona | map_size = 200 | map_caption = Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona }} The Chiricahua Mountains massif is a large mountain range in southeastern Arizona which is part of the Basin and Range province of the west and southwest USA and northwest Mexico; the range is part of the Coronado National Forest. The highest point, Chiricahua Peak, rises {{convert|9759|ft}} above sea level, approximately {{convert|6000|ft}} above the surrounding valleys. The Chiricahua Mountains, and other associated ranges, along with Sulphur Springs Valley on the west and the San Simon Valley on the east, form the eastern half of Cochise County in southeast Arizona. The Pedregosa Mountains are found at the southern end of the Chiricahua Mountains, while the Swisshelm Mountains are located to the southwest. The northwest end of the Chiricahua mountains continue as the Dos Cabezas Mountains beyond Apache Pass and the Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Access to the Chiricahua Mountains and Coronado National Forest is through Willcox from the north, Douglas from the south, and Rodeo from the east. HistoryThe earliest evidence of humans in the vicinity of the Chiricahua Mountains are Clovis archeological sites such as Double Adobe Site in the Whitewater Draw tributary of Rucker Creek north of Douglas. Subsequently, the Cochise culture another pre-ceramic based culture spanning 3000 - 200 BCE was defined from sites around the Chiricahua Mountains, including Cave Creek Canyon.[1] Following the transition to ceramics,[2] artifacts characteristic of both Mogollon culture and its local variants, the Mimbres culture, are found. These relics span the period from 150 BCE - 1450. The influx of other indigenous peoples, such as the Chiricahua Apaches, including the leaders Cochise and Geronimo occupied the area until forced removal in the late 19th century. The name Chiricahua is believed to originate from the Opata name for the mountains, Chiwi Kawi, meaning "Turkey Mountain".[3][4][5] The Chiricahuas were once known for an abundance of wild turkeys. The first recorded mining claim in the Chiricahua Mountains was the Hidden Treasure claim filed in 1881, and mining has continued intermittently to the present with the greatest periods of activity occurring in the 1920s and 1950s.[6] More recently, the Chiricahuas have fallen into use by people smugglers and drug cartels, who position lookouts on their peaks to warn of Border Patrol activities.[7][8] Geology overview{{Main|Geological history of the Chiricahua Mountains}}The Chiricahua Mountains are an uplifted structural block of the Basin and Range. The mountains contain Precambrian basement rocks, Paleozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks around a caldera complex formed by volcanic eruptions and intrusions 35 - 25 million years ago.[9][10] The last major eruption, 27 million years ago, created the Turkey Creek Caldera and laid down {{convert|2000|ft}} of volcanic ash which fused into welded rhyolite tuff.[11] Subsequent erosion has created mountain ridges covered in stone spires and stone columns, hoodoos, that rise up out of the forest. These natural features, preserved in the Chiricahua National Monument, are composed of Rhyolite Canyon Tuff. A one to two mile wide band of sedimentary rock running southeast to northwest from south of Portal through Paradise and up to the Dos Cabezas Mountains is the source of mineralized deposits.[6] The largest of the mines developed in the California district of the Chiricahua Mountains was the Hilltop mine which consisted of 3 interconnected levels totaling {{convert|6098|m}}.[12] Flora and faunaThe Chiricahua Mountains are a bio-diverse area which is composed of numerous sky islands.[13] Five of the 9 life zones[14] are found in the Chiricahua Mountains. Three hundred and seventy-five avian species have been recorded from the Chiricahua Mountains; some are largely Mexican species for which southern Arizona is the northern limits of their ranges.[15] Other animals of note include ocelots, jaguars, mountain lions, nine-banded armadillo, black bears, and white-tailed deer. With the base of the Chiricahuas at about {{convert|3600|ft|m|-2}},[16] the range covers about {{convert|6000|ft|m|-2}} in elevation. Grasslands and desert cover the base of the range, with ponderosa pine and Douglas fir at the highest elevations. Cave Creek Canyon on the east side is home to the American Museum of Natural History Southwest Research Station and the small towns of Portal and Paradise.[17] Species associated with the range{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{Cite web |url= http://azmemory.lib.az.us/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/medallion&CISOPTR=2681&REC=1 |title=Arizona Memory Project : Compound Object Viewer |work=azmemory.lib.az.us |accessdate=September 5, 2010}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url= http://azmemory.lib.az.us/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/medallion&CISOPTR=4093&REC=2 |title=Arizona Memory Project : Compound Object Viewer |work=azmemory.lib.az.us |accessdate=September 5, 2010}} 3. ^https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/landscape/2012/Chiricahua.htm 4. ^A Portal to Paradise by Alden C Hayes, pg 337 5. ^DESCRIPCION GEOGRAFICA, NATURAL Y CURIOSA DE LA PROVINCIA DE SONORA, by Juan Nentvig, 1764 6. ^1 {{Citation | url=http://www.admmr.state.az.us/DigitalLibrary/USBM_MLA/USBM_MLA_012-93.pdf | title= Mineral Appraisal of the Coronado National Forest Part 2, Chiricahua-Pedregosa Mountains Unit, Cochise County, Arizona. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 210 pp. | year=1993 | last1 = Brown | first1 = S. D.}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1993872-2,00.html|title=Border Crackdowns and the Battle for Arizona|author=Nathan Thornburgh|date=14 June 2011|work=Time Magazine}} 8. ^{{cite news |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703061635/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/arizona-burning/Content?oid=3046857 |archivedate=3 July 2011 |date=30 June 2011 |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/arizona-burning/Content?oid=3046857 |title=Arizona Burning |author=Leo W. Banks |work=Tucson Weekly |deadurl=yes |df= }} 9. ^du Bray, Edward A. and John S. Pallister, Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1999, v. 111, no. 1, pp. 143-153 10. ^{{Citation | title = Guide to the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona | url = http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/chiricahuas/cover.htm | year = 1997 | last1 = Pallister | first1 = J. S. | last2 = Dubray | first2 = E. A. | last3 = Hall | first3 = D. B. | accessdate = 2010-09-03 }} 11. ^{{Cite web |url= http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Arizona/description_arizona_volcanoes.html |title=CVO Website - Arizona Volcanoes and Volcanics |work=vulcan.wr.usgs.gov |accessdate=September 3, 2010}} 12. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.mindat.org/loc-5588.html |title=Hilltop Mine (Hand Mine; Kasper tunnel; Gray Mine; Dunn shaft; Blacksmith shaft; Rhem adit), Rustler Park, California District, Chiricahua Mts, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA |work=mindat.org |accessdate=September 5, 2010}} 13. ^{{cite news |title=Sky Islands of North America: A globally unique and threatened inland archipelago|first=Matt |last=Scroch |work=Terrain|url=http://www.terrain.org/articles/21/skroch.htm}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url= http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html |title=Natural Vegetation of |work=southwest.library.arizona.edu |accessdate=September 3, 2010}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url= http://iba.audubon.org/iba/viewSiteProfile.do?siteId=2286&navSite=state |title=Audubon: Birds & Science [-109.28, 31.9057] - Chiricahua Mountains, Coronado National Forest |work=iba.audubon.org |accessdate=September 3, 2010}} 16. ^Chiricahua Mountains Study Area {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20030403004505/http://walter.arizona.edu/overview/study_areas/chiricahua.asp |date=2003-04-03 }} 17. ^Southwest Research Station 18. ^Winter photos, (fireflyforest.net) External links{{Commons category|Chiricahua Mountains}}
5 : Chiricahua Mountains|Mountain ranges of Cochise County, Arizona|Madrean Sky Islands mountain ranges|Coronado National Forest|Mountain ranges of Arizona |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。