请输入您要查询的百科知识:

 

词条 General Motors Europe
释义

  1. Overview

     European factories 

  2. History

     1970–2008  Restructuring  Sale of Saab to Spyker 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}{{Infobox company
| name = General Motors Europe
| logo =
| type = Subsidiary of
General Motors
| successor = Opel Group
| foundation = April 4, 1986
| defunct = 2017
| fate = Sold to Groupe PSA
| location = Zurich, Switzerland
| locations = 14 manufacturing facilities in nine countries
| area_served = Europe
| key_people = Nick Reilly, Former CEO
| industry = Automotive
| products = Automobiles
Commercial vehicles
| services = {{ubl | Vehicle financing | Vehicle insurance }}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 54,500 (2009)
| parent = General Motors
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}

General Motors Europe[1] (often abbreviated to GM Europe) was responsible for the operation of General Motors ("GM") businesses in Europe. The subsidiary was established by GM in 1986 and operated 14 production and assembly facilities in 9 countries, and employed around 54,500 people.[2] GM's core European brands were UK-based Vauxhall and Germany-based Opel, which both sell much the same range of cars in different markets. GM also owned the Swedish Saab until early 2010 and sold Chevrolet models between 2005 and 2015.

The U.S. brand Cadillac is imported into Europe in small quantities. In 2009, General Motors (GM) announced to move its European headquarters from Zurich, Switzerland to Rüsselsheim, Germany to strengthen its German subsidiary Opel.[3]

On March 6, 2017, General Motors (GM) and Groupe PSA announced their agreement that PSA would buy GM's Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries in a deal worth £2.2 Billion.[4][5]

Overview

In Europe, GM Europe operated 14 vehicle production and assembly facilities in nine countries and employed around 54,500* people. Many additional directly related jobs were provided by some 8,700 independent sales and service outlets. In 2005 GM's market share in Europe was 9.4%.

European factories

  • Germany: Bochum, Eisenach, Kaiserslautern and Rüsselsheim, employed 25,103 workers.
  • Spain: Figueruelas, Zaragoza, employed 7,001 workers, being the biggest of General Motors in Europe.
  • UK: Ellesmere Port and Luton, employed 4,279 workers.
  • Sweden: Trollhättan, employed 3,892 workers.
  • Hungary: Szentgotthárd, employed X,XXX workers.
  • Poland: Gliwice, employed 3,582 workers.
  • Belgium: Antwerp, employed 2,584 workers.
  • Russia: St. Petersburg, employed 986 workers.

The total number of European employees were 54,500 (as of May 2009).[6]

History

General Motors entered the European market only three years after the company's foundation in 1908. This involved the construction of Chevrolet cars in Denmark in 1923 and Belgium in 1925. This involvement was greatly expanded by the acquisitions of Vauxhall in 1925 and Opel in Germany in 1929. Originally both Vauxhall and Opel had operated independently of each other with totally separate product lines and were direct competitors outside of each other's home markets.

1970–2008

By the early 1970s, GM began to merge the product lines of the two companies, with Opel developing a series of common platforms from which a range of vehicles could be derived. These vehicles carried either Opel or Vauxhall branding depending on market – Vauxhall being used in the British market, Opel everywhere else. This in turn allowed manufacturing resources to be pooled, therefore Opel badged vehicles were produced in Vauxhall factories and vice versa. In the United Kingdom – the only market where the two brands were sold concurrently, they were marketed as "Vauxhall-Opel", following the merger of the previously separate Vauxhall and Opel dealer networks in 1980. Opel was positioned in the UK as a performance-luxury brand, with only the Manta, Senator and Monza ranges being offered in the UK. Elsewhere in Europe, Vauxhall's Bedford brand was used on car-derived vans and heavy commercial vehicles.

IBC Vehicles, a joint venture between GM and Isuzu was established in 1985. The new company took over the Bedford van plant in Luton, producing a range of badge engineered light vans based on Isuzu and Suzuki designs. IBC would later go on to manufacture the Isuzu-based Frontera SUV model. Isuzu would later pull out of IBC Vehicles in 1998, with Renault (and later the Renault–Nissan Alliance) taking its place in the venture – which was subsequently renamed as GMM Luton, manufacturing the Vivaro family of light cargo vans.

In 1986,[1] GM officially inaugurated GM Europe, the same year as the last "true" Vauxhall – the Bedford CF panel van – ceased manufacture. In 1987, GM Europe sold the heavy trucks division of Bedford to AWD Ltd, the Bedford brand continued on light commercial vehicles until 1990 when it was dropped completely. The newly created AWD struggled as an independent business away from GM, and collapsed in 1992, bringing an end to the lineage of Bedford trucks and the Dunstable plant was later closed.

In 1988, following the discontinuation of the Manta model (the Senator had become a Vauxhall in 1984, whilst the Monza coupe was killed off in 1987), the Opel brand was formally dropped in the UK market – whilst Vauxhall was discontinued in the Republic of Ireland in favour of Opel six years earlier. GM Europe announced in 1991 that the sixth generation Opel Kadett platform would adopt the Astra name (already used by Vauxhall) – ushering in a new policy of standardization of model names across both brands, further diluting Vauxhall's independence from Opel. In 2002, it was announced that the Vauxhall car production lines at Luton would close following the introduction of the third generation Vectra.

Also in 1986, GM bought Lotus group in England – the first fruit of the purchase being the special edition Lotus Omega/Carlton performance saloon. Seven years later, on August 27, 1993, GM sold the company for £30 million to owners of Bugatti. GM acquired a 50 percent stake in Saab of Sweden in 1989, taking full ownership in 2000. General Motors also developed a partnership with and acquired a stake in Fiat in 2000. GM divested its minority equity interests and dissolved the partnership in 2005, following a legal fight regarding the conditions of a put option afforded Fiat.

Restructuring

Following the 2008 global financial crisis, and GM's plunge towards bankruptcy, on May 30, 2009, it was announced that a deal had been reached to transfer New Opel (Opel plus Vauxhall, minus Saab)[7] assets to a separate company, controlled by a trustee.

The deal, underwritten by the German Government, was negotiated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel. GM was expected to keep a 35% minority stake in the new company,[8][9] Opel staff 10%,[10] with a plan which proposed to sell the majority of the business to one of two partners:

  • FIAT
  • A consortium majority-owned by a Sberbank of Russia (35%), Magna International of Canada (20%), and Opel employees and car dealers (10%)

The new company would not be allowed to sell Opel cars in the US (permanently) and China (at least temporarily) markets, which are the two biggest markets in the world.[11]

On June 1, 2009, GM filed for bankruptcy in a court in New York. As the sale of Opel has been negotiated two days before, with the preferred bidder the Magna consortia, both companies were in effect ring-fenced from any GM asset liquidation.[12][13][14][15] Magna stated that their plans for Opel included attracting GM or third-party carmakers to build their cars and electric vehicles in Antwerp.[16] If Opel needed to reduce production of its own core models then any unused capacity could be used to manufacture vehicles for other carmakers. Inside sources close to Magna revealed that some of the possible third party carmakers include Ford and PSA.[17] However, negotiations broke down with Magna over details, particularly the sale of intellectual property rights and distribution of all future GM products in the former Soviet Union.

GM announced that final bids were to be placed with them by July 20, which resulted in three bidders:[18]

  • Magna, still backed by Sberbank, had made a last-minute change to its bid in order to placate concerns about its Russian partner's influence. This would result in both partners having a 27.5% share in the new company, with GM retaining 35%
  • Belgian-based investor RHJ International
  • China's Beijing Automotive Industries – disqualified over "intellectual property issues" a few days later[19]

Towards the end of August 2009 there were doubts over whether a sale of Opel would actually go ahead, though a German government official later revealed that talks were continuing.[20] This was followed by RHJ International raising its bid for Opel to €300m from €275m.[21]

On September 10, 2009, GM agreed to sell a 55% stake in the German brand Opel to the Magna group with the approval of the German government.[22] With this move, Magna chairman Frank Stronach aims to take Magna from its current role as a parts supplier to an expanded role as a global automaker that ranks "amongst the leaders in selling and building electric cars."[23] However, on November 3, 2009 the GM board called off the Magna deal after coming to the conclusion that Opel was crucial to GM's global strategy.[24]

With ongoing restructuring plans Opel announced the closure of its Antwerp plant in Belgium.

Sale of Saab to Spyker

Originally GM planned to sell Saab to Swedish sportscar maker Koenigsegg.

On June 11, 2009 a letter of intent was signed by GM to sell Saab to Koenigsegg.,[25] but the deal fell through in November 2009. On January 26, 2010 Saab was sold to Spyker Cars, forming a company now known as Swedish Automobile.

See also

  • Vauxhall
  • Bedford
  • Saab
  • Chevrolet Europe
  • Opel
  • General Motors bankruptcy
  • General Motors

References

1. ^http://www.moneyhouse.ch/u/general_motors_europe_ag_CH-020.3.910.286-3.htm
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gmeurope.com/company/about_gm_europe.html |title=2005 at a Glance |publisher=GM Europe |accessdate=2010-11-27}}
3. ^http://www.dw.de/gm-europe-to-move-its-headquarters-to-germany/a-4893773
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-opel-m-a-idUSKBN16A240|title=Exclusive: PSA agrees to buy Opel from GM, wins board approval - sources|date=2017-03-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-03-03}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Opel/Vauxhall to join PSA Group|url=http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/press-releases/group/opelvauxhall-join-psa-group|accessdate=7 March 2017|publisher=PSA Group|date=6 March 2017}}
6. ^{{Cite news| title=Fiat denies 18,000 job cuts plan | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8035420.stm | work= | publisher=BBC News | date=May 6, 2009 | accessdate=2009-05-07}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://apps.detnews.com/apps/blogs/autosblog/index.php?blogid=788&source=nletter-business |title=DETNEWS | Weblogs | Autos Blog |publisher=Apps.detnews.com |date=June 14, 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-28}}
8. ^{{Cite news|first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Germany picks Magna to save Opel |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8074924.stm |work=BBC News |publisher= |date=May 30, 2009 |accessdate=}}
9. ^{{Cite news|first=Tim |last=Weber |authorlink= |title=Analysis: Opel's survival still at stake |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8075157.stm |work=BBC News |publisher= |date=May 30, 2009 |accessdate=}}
10. ^[https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/opelmagnatreuhand100.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602015558/http://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/opelmagnatreuhand100.html |date=June 2, 2009 }}
11. ^{{Cite news|title=Magna says can't sell Opel cars in U.S., China|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/BROKER/idUSN0229301520090602?sp=true|publisher=Reuters|date=June 2, 2009|first=Randall|last=Palmer}}
12. ^{{Cite news|date= June 1, 2009 | accessdate = June 1, 2009 | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4brqCWwvYXY |title = GM Files Bankruptcy to Spin Off More Competitive Firm (Update4) |work = Bloomberg.com | publisher = Bloomberg LP |first = Linda | last = Sandler |author2=Chris Scinta |author3=Bob Van Voris |author4=Jeff Green }}
13. ^{{Cite news| last = Sanger | first = David E. |author2=Jeff Zeleny |author3=Bill Vlasic | work = New York Times |title = G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start: A Risky Bet to Save an Icon of American Capitalism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/business/01auto.html | date = May 31, 2009 | accessdate = June 1, 2009 }}
14. ^{{Cite news| title = G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/business/01auto.html | last = Sanger | first = David E. | work = New York Times | date = May 31, 2009 | accessdate = June 1, 2009 }}
15. ^{{Cite news| title = After 93 Years, G.M. Shares Go Out on a Low Note | url = http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/after-93-years-gm-shares-go-out-on-a-low-note/ | last = Maynard | first =Micheline | work = New York Times | date = May 29, 2009 | accessdate = June 1, 2009 }}
16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKTRE54S4GG20090529?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=10482 |title=FACTBOX: Magna's plans for Opel |publisher=Reuters |date=May 29, 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-28 |first=Christiaan |last=Hetzner}}
17. ^{{cite web|last=Weber |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/report-magna-considers-using-opel-to-build-cars-for-other-brands.html |title=Report: Magna considers using Opel to build cars for other brands |publisher=MotorAuthority |date=May 17, 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}
18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8158569.stm|title=GM receives three bids for Opel|publisher=BBC News|date=July 20, 2009|accessdate=2009-07-20}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/24/content_8470602.htm |title=Beijing Auto fails in bid for GM's Opel |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |accessdate=2009-10-25}}
20. ^GM 'still intends to sell Opel' BBC News. August 25, 2009
21. ^RHJ raises bid for carmaker Opel BBC News. September 2, 2009
22. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8247971.stm|title=Opel and Vauxhall to go to Magna|publisher=BBC News|date=September 10, 2009|accessdate=2009-09-10}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=Garthwaite |first=Josie |url=http://earth2tech.com/2009/06/02/magna-moves-on-opel-gears-up-for-electric-car-bet/ |title=Magna Moves on Opel, Gears Up for Electric Car Bet |publisher=Earth2tech.com |date=June 2, 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}
24. ^{{Cite news|first=Bill |last=Vlasic |authorlink= |title=G.M. Decides to Keep Opel, Its European Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/business/global/04gm.html?hp |work=New York Times |publisher= |date=November 3, 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-03}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSSAT00632220090611 |title=Koenigsegg, Norwegian investors to buy Saab-Swedish TV | Markets | Markets News |publisher=Reuters |date=June 11, 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}

External links

  • Opel International
    • Vauxhall UK
    • [https://www.gme-infotech.com/standard.html?language=31 GME InfoTech Homepage]
  • Cadillac Europe
  • Chevrolet Europe
  • Saab Cars
{{General Motors brands}}{{General Motors}}

7 : Automotive companies of Switzerland|General Motors subsidiaries|Manufacturing companies based in Zürich|Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1986|Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2017|1986 establishments in Switzerland|2017 disestablishments in Switzerland

随便看

 

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

 

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间:2024/11/10 15:29:54