词条 | Generation III reactor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
A Generation III reactor is a development of Generation II nuclear reactor designs incorporating evolutionary improvements in design developed during the lifetime of the Generation II reactor designs. These include improved fuel technology, superior thermal efficiency, significantly enhanced safety systems (including passive nuclear safety), and standardized designs for reduced maintenance and capital costs. The first Generation III reactor to begin operation was Kashiwazaki 6 (an ABWR) in 1996. Due to the prolonged period of stagnation in the construction of new reactors and the continued (but declining) popularity of Generation II/II+ designs in new construction, relatively few third generation reactors have been built. Generation IV designs are still in development {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, and are not expected to start entering commercial operation until 2020–2030.[1] OverviewThough the distinction is arbitrary, the improvements in reactor technology in third generation reactors are intended to result in a longer operational life (designed for 60 years of operation, extendable to 100+ years of operation prior to complete overhaul and reactor pressure vessel replacement) compared with currently used Generation II reactors (designed for 40 years of operation, extendable to 60+ years of operation prior to complete overhaul and pressure vessel replacement).[2][3] The core damage frequencies for these reactors are designed to be lower than for Generation II reactors – 60 core damage events for the EPR and 3 core damage events for the ESBWR[4] per 100 million reactor-years are significantly lower than the 1,000 core damage events per 100 million reactor-years for BWR/4 Generation II reactors.[4] The third generation EPR reactor was also designed to use uranium more efficiently than older Generation II reactors, using approximately 17% less uranium per unit of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies.[5] An independent analysis conducted by environmental scientist Barry Brook on the greater efficiency and therefore lower material needs of Gen III reactors, corroborates this finding.[6] Response and criticismProponents of nuclear power and some who have historically been critical have acknowledged that third generation reactors as a whole are safer than older reactors. Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists, has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for two Generation III reactors, both the AP1000 and ESBWR. Lyman, John Ma (a senior structural engineer at the NRC), and Arnold Gundersen (an anti-nuclear consultant) are concerned about what they perceive as weaknesses in the steel containment vessel and the concrete shield building around the AP1000 in that its containment vessel does not have sufficient safety margins in the event of a direct airplane strike.[7][8] Other engineers do not agree with these concerns, and claim the containment building is more than sufficient in safety margins and factors of safety.[8][9]The Union of Concerned Scientists in 2008 referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."[10]{{rp|7}} There have also been issues in fabricating the precision parts necessary to maintain safe operation of these reactors, with cost overruns, broken parts, and extremely fine steel tolerances causing issues with new reactors under construction in France at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant.[11] Existing and future reactorsThe first Generation III reactors were built in Japan, in the form of Advanced Boiling Water Reactors. In 2016 a Generation III+ VVER-1200/392M reactor became operational at Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II in Russia, which was the first operational Generation III+ reactor.[12] Several other Generation III+ reactors are under late-stage construction in Europe, China, and the United States. The next Generation III+ reactor to come online is a Westinghouse AP1000 reactor, the Sanmen Nuclear Power Station in China, which was scheduled to become operational in 2015.[13] It has been completed and achieved criticality on June 21, 2018, and entered into commercial operation on September 21, 2018. In the USA, reactor designs are certified by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). {{As of|2014|10}} the commission has approved five designs, and is considering another five designs as well.[14] Generation III reactorsGeneration III reactors currently operational or under construction
Generation III designs not adopted or built yet
Generation III+ reactorsGeneration III+ designs offer significant improvements in safety and economics over Generation III advanced reactor designs.[22] Generation III+ reactors currently operational or under construction
Generation III+ designs not adopted or built yet
See also{{portal|Nuclear technology}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Generation IV Nuclear Reactors|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/generation-iv-nuclear-reactors.aspx|publisher=World Nuclear Association}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=New material promises 120-year reactor lives|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-New-material-promises-120-year-reactor-lives-2107151.html|website=www.world-nuclear-news.org|accessdate=8 June 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors {{!}} Generation III+ Nuclear Reactors - World Nuclear Association|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/advanced-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx|website=www.world-nuclear.org|accessdate=8 June 2017}} 4. ^1 Next-generation nuclear energy: The ESBWR 5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ7zBwWLyLEC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=ipsr+reactor&source=bl&ots=RjrcdZBH5t&sig=CFdyY4mBX774oMKN2D-Z2OAiZKk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C5gvUdSXA5GThgft44DQAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ipsr%20reactor&f=false page 126. 3 Rs of Nuclear Power: Reading, Recycling, and Reprocessing Making a Better ... By Jan Forsythe] 6. ^[https://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/26/fuel-use-for-gen-3-nuclear/ Fuel use of gen 3 nuclear] 7. ^{{cite web |title=Nuclear energy: Planning for the Black Swan |author=Adam Piore |date=June 2011 |work=Scientific American }} 8. ^1 Matthew L. Wald. Critics Challenge Safety of New Reactor Design New York Times, April 22, 2010. 9. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday-dialogue-nuclear-energy-pro-and-con.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all |title=Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con |author= |date=February 25, 2012 |work=New York Times }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf|title=Nuclear Power in a warming world.|date=Dec 2007|format=PDF|work=Union of Concerned Scientists|accessdate=1 October 2008}} 11. ^{{Cite web|title = Flaw found in French nuclear reactor - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33469774|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-10-29}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=В России запустили не имеющий аналогов в мире атомный энергоблок|url=http://tass.ru/ekonomika/3512361}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=China Nuclear Power|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/|publisher=World Nuclear Association|accessdate=2014-07-14}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/design-cert.html |title=Design Certification Applications for New Reactors |website=U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=Ji|last2=Song|first2=Daiyong|last3=Wu|first3=Yuxiang|title=HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety|journal=Engineering|date=1 March 2016|volume=2|issue=1|pages=79–87|doi=10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809916301515}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinas-progress-continues-4644048/|title=China's progress continues|date=11 August 2015|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International|accessdate=30 October 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html#_ftn1|title=New Commercial Reactor Designs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102231140/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html|archivedate=2009-01-02}} 18. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121211220234/www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html#_ftn4 |archive-date=2012-12-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 19. ^http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle.aspx 20. ^http://sovietologist.blogspot.com/2008/04/future-of-water-cooled-graphite.html?m=1 21. ^http://reactors.narod.ru/mker/mker.html 22. ^http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/FS_GenIV.pdf{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} DEAD URL - Try http://nuclear.energy.gov/pdfFiles/factSheets/NGNP-GENIV-Final-Jan31-07.pdf{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180630005033/en/Westinghouse-AP1000-Plant-Sanmen-1-Begins-Synchronization|title=First Westinghouse AP1000 Plant Sanmen 1 Begins Synchronization to Electrical Grid|access-date=2018-07-02|language=en}} 24. ^http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Chinas-Taishan-1-reactor-connected-to-grid-29061801.html 25. ^{{cite news | title=В России запустили не имеющий аналогов в мире атомный энергоблок | url=http://tass.ru/ekonomika/3512361}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Leningrad-II-1-starts-pilot-operation-09031801.html |title=Leningrad II-1 starts pilot operation |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=9 March 2018 |accessdate=10 March 2018}} External links
1 : Nuclear power reactor types |
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