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词条 Chlorphenamine
释义

  1. Medical uses

     Combination products 

  2. Side effects

  3. Pharmacology

     Pharmacodynamics  Pharmacokinetics 

  4. Chemistry

     Synthesis 

  5. Society and culture

     Generic names 

  6. References

{{Distinguish|Chlorphenacemide}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 443519064
| IUPAC_name = 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-amine
| image = Chlorphenamine.svg
| width = 180px
| tradename = Chlor-Trimeton; Piriton
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|chlorpheniramine-maleate-tannate-dexchlorpheniramine-maleate}}
| MedlinePlus = a682543
| pregnancy_AU = A
| pregnancy_US = B
| legal_AU = S3
| legal_UK = P
| legal_US = OTC
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = By mouth, IV, IM, SC
| bioavailability = 25 to 50%
| protein_bound = 72%
| metabolism = Hepatic (CYP2D6)
| elimination_half-life = 13.9–43.4 hours[1]
| excretion = Renal
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number = 113-92-8
| ATC_prefix = R06
| ATC_suffix = AB04
| PubChem = 2725
| IUPHAR_ligand = 1210
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01114
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2624
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 3U6IO1965U
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D07398
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 52010
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 505
| C=16 | H=19 | Cl=1 | N=2
| SMILES = Clc1ccc(cc1)C(c2ncccc2)CCN(C)C
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C16H19ClN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = SOYKEARSMXGVTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| solubility = 0.55 g/100 mL, liquid
}}

Chlorphenamine (also known as chlorpheniramine, CP, or CPM) is a first-generation antihistamine used in the prevention of the symptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria. Its sedative effects are relatively weak compared to other first-generation antihistamines. Chlorphenamine is one of the most commonly used antihistamines in small-animal veterinary practice.

It was patented in 1948 and came into medical use in 1949.[1]

Medical uses

Combination products

Chlorphenamine is often combined with phenylpropanolamine to form an allergy medication with both antihistamine and decongestant properties, though phenylpropanolamine is no longer available in the US after studies showed it increased the risk of stroke in young women.[2] Chlorphenamine remains available with no such risk. Brand names have included Demazin, Allerest 12 Hour, Codral Nighttime, Chlornade, Contac 12 Hour, Exchange Select Allergy Multi-Symptom, A. R. M. Allergy Relief, Ordrine, Ornade Spansules, Piriton, Teldrin, Triaminic, and Tylenol Cold/Allergy.

Chlorphenamine is combined with a narcotic (hydrocodone) in the product Tussionex, which is indicated for treatment of cough and upper respiratory symptoms associated with allergy or cold in adults and children 6 years of age and older.[3] This combination is manufactured as a time-released formula, which allows for administration every 12 hours, versus the more common 4-to-6-hour regimen for other narcotic cough suppressants.

Chlorphenamine/dihydrocodeine immediate-release syrups are also marketed. The antihistamine is helpful in cases where allergy or common cold is the reason for the cough; it is also a potentiator of opioids, allowing enhanced suppression of cough, analgesia, and other effects from a given quantity of the drug by itself. In various places in the world, cough and cold preparations containing codeine and chlorphenamine are available.

In the drug Coricidin, chlorphenamine is combined with the cough suppressant dextromethorphan.

Side effects

The adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, constipation, anxiety, nausea, blurred vision, restlessness, decreased coordination, dry mouth, shallow breathing, hallucinations, irritability, problems with memory or concentration, tinnitus and trouble urinating.

A large study on people 65 years old or older, linked the development of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia to the use of chlorphenamine and other first-generation antihistamines, due to their anticholinergic properties.[4]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Chlorphenamine[5]
Site Ki (nM) Species Ref
{{abbrlink>SERT|Serotonin transporter}} 15.2 Human [6]
NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} 1,440 Human [6]
DAT|Dopamine transporter}} 1,060 Human [6]
5-HT2A 3,130 Rat [7]
5-HT2C 3,120 Rat [8]
H1 2.5–3.0 Human [9][10]
H2 ND|No data}}ND|No data}}ND|No data}}
H3 >10,000 Rat [11]
H4 2,910 Human [12]
M1 25,700 Human [13]
M2 17,000 Human [13]
M3 52,500 Human [13]
M4 77,600 Human [13]
M5 28,200 Human [13]
hERG|Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene}} 20,900 Human [14]
Values are Ki, unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. Values at the {{abbrlink|mAChRs|muscarinic acetylcholine receptors}} and {{abbrlink|hERG|Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene}} are IC50 (nM).

Chlorphenamine acts primarily as a potent H1antihistamine. It is specifically a potent inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor.[15][16] The drug is also commonly described as possessing weak anticholinergic activity by acting as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The dextrorotatory stereoisomer, dexchlorpheniramine, has been reported to possess Kd values of 15 nM for the H1 receptor and 1,300 nM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human brain tissue.[17][18] The smaller the Kd value, the greater the binding affinity of the ligand for its target.

In addition to acting as an inverse agonist at the H1 receptor, chlorphenamine has been found to act as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (Kd = 15.2 nM for the serotonin transporter).[6][19] It has only weak affinity for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters (Kd = 1,440 nM and 1,060 nM, respectively).[6] A similar antihistamine, brompheniramine, led to the discovery of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) zimelidine.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

A study found that dexchlorphenamine had Ki values for the human cloned H1 receptor of 2.67 to 4.81 nM while levchlorphenamine had Ki values of 211 to 361 nM for this receptor, indicating that dexchlorphenamine is the active enantiomer.[20] Another study found that dexchlorphenamine had a Ki value of 20 to 30 µM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor using rat brain tissue while levchlorphenamine had a Ki value of 40 to 50 µM for this receptor, indicating that both enantiomers have very low affinity for it.[21]

Pharmacokinetics

The elimination half-life of chlorphenamine has variously ranged between 13.9 and 43.4 hours in adults following a single dose in clinical studies.[22]

Chemistry

Chlorphenamine is an alkylamine and is a part of a series of antihistamines including pheniramine (Naphcon) and its halogenated derivatives including fluorpheniramine, dexchlorphenamine (Polaramine), brompheniramine (Dimetapp), dexbrompheniramine (Drixoral), deschlorpheniramine, and iodopheniramine. The halogenated alkylamine antihistamines all exhibit optical isomerism, and chlorphenamine in the indicated products is racemic chlorphenamine maleate, whereas dexchlorphenamine is the dextrorotary stereoisomer.

Synthesis

There are several patented methods for the synthesis of chlorphenamine. In one example, 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile is reacted with 2-chloropyridine in the presence of sodium amide to form 4-chlorophenyl(2-pyridyl)acetonitrile. Alkylating this with 2-dimethylaminoethylchloride in the presence of sodium amide gives γ-(4-chlorphenyl)-γ-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridinepropanamine, the hydrolysis and decarboxylation of which lead to chlorphenamine.

A second method starts from pyridine, which undergoes alkylation by 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile,[24] giving 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine. Alkylating this with 2-dimethylaminoethylchloride in the presence of sodium amide gives chlorphenamine.

Society and culture

Generic names

Chlorphenamine is the {{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}} while chlorpheniramine is the {{abbrlink|USAN|United States Adopted Name}} and former {{abbrlink|BAN|British Approved Name}}.

References

1. ^{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Jnos |last2=Ganellin |first2=C. Robin |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=546 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA546 |language=en}}
2. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ppa/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112142816/http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ppa/ |archivedate=12 January 2009 |title=Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page – FDA moves PPA from OTC |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |date=23 December 2005}}
3. ^{{cite web | title = Tussionex® Pennkinetic® (hydrocodone polistirex and chlorpheniramine polistirex) Extended-Release Suspension | year = 2011 | publisher = UCB | url = http://www.ucb.com/_up/ucb_com_products/documents/Tussionex%20Current%20COL%20Rev.%203E%2012.2011.pdf }}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Gray|first=Shelly L.|last2=Anderson|first2=Melissa L.|last3=Dublin|first3=Sascha|last4=Hanlon|first4=Joseph T.|last5=Hubbard|first5=Rebecca|last6=Walker|first6=Rod|last7=Yu|first7=Onchee|last8=Crane|first8=Paul K.|last9=Larson|first9=Eric B.|date=January 26, 2015|title=Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study|journal=JAMA Intern. Med.|volume=175|issue=3|pages=401–7|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663|pmid=25621434|pmc=4358759}}
5. ^{{cite web | title = PDSP Ki Database | work = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) | author1 = Roth, BL | author2 = Driscol, J | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | accessdate = 14 August 2017 | url = https://kidbdev.med.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=chlorpheniramine&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | vauthors = Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E | title = Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 340 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 249–58 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9537821 | doi = 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9| url = }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman BJ, Scheffel U, Lever JR, Karpa MD, Hartig PR | title = N1-methyl-2-125I-lysergic acid diethylamide, a preferred ligand for in vitro and in vivo characterization of serotonin receptors | journal = J. Neurochem. | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–24 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3794694 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb13135.x| url = }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders-Bush E, Breeding M | title = Putative selective 5-HT-2 antagonists block serotonin 5-HT-1c receptors in the choroid plexus | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 247 | issue = 1 | pages = 169–73 | year = 1988 | pmid = 3139864 | doi = | url = }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Moguilevsky N, Varsalona F, Noyer M, Gillard M, Guillaume JP, Garcia L, Szpirer C, Szpirer J, Bollen A | title = Stable expression of human H1-histamine-receptor cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Pharmacological characterisation of the protein, tissue distribution of messenger RNA and chromosomal localisation of the gene | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 224 | issue = 2 | pages = 489–95 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7925364 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00489.x| url = }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arias-Montaño JA, Young JM | title = Characteristics of histamine H1 receptors on HeLa cells | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 245 | issue = 3 | pages = 291–5 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8335064 | doi = 10.1016/0922-4106(93)90110-u| url = }}
11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = West RE, Zweig A, Granzow RT, Siegel MI, Egan RW | title = Biexponential kinetics of (R)-alpha-[3H]methylhistamine binding to the rat brain H3 histamine receptor | journal = J. Neurochem. | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 1612–6 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2213013 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04946.x| url = }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nguyen T, Shapiro DA, George SR, Setola V, Lee DK, Cheng R, Rauser L, Lee SP, Lynch KR, Roth BL, O'Dowd BF | title = Discovery of a novel member of the histamine receptor family | journal = Mol. Pharmacol. | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–33 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11179435 | doi = 10.1124/mol.59.3.427| url = }}
13. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | vauthors = Yasuda SU, Yasuda RP | title = Affinities of brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and terfenadine at the five human muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 447–51 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10212017 | doi = 10.1592/phco.19.6.447.31041| url = }}
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Suessbrich H, Waldegger S, Lang F, Busch AE | title = Blockade of HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the histamine receptor antagonists terfenadine and astemizole | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 385 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 77–80 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8641472 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00355-9| url = }}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Simons|first1=F. E.|title=Advances in H1-Antihistamines|journal=N Engl J Med|date=November 18, 2004|volume=351.|issue=21|pages=2203–17|doi=10.1056/NEJMra033121|pmid=15548781|accessdate=}}
16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Leurs|first1=R.|last2=Church|first2=M. K.|last3=Taglialatela|first3=M.|title=H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects|journal=Clinical & Experimental Allergy|date=April 2002|volume=32|issue=4|pages=483–651|doi=10.1046/j.0954-7894.2002.01314.x|accessdate=}}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Richelson E, Nelson A | title = Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 230 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–102 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6086881 | doi = | url = }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E | title = Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 114 | issue = 4 | pages = 559–65 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7855217 | doi = 10.1007/bf02244985| url = }}
19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlsson A, Lindqvist M | title = Central and peripheral monoaminergic membrane-pump blockade by some addictive analgesics and antihistamines | journal = J. Pharm. Pharmacol. | volume = 21 | issue = 7 | pages = 460–4 | year = 1969 | pmid = 4390069 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08287.x| url = }}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Booth RG, Moniri NH, Bakker RA, Choksi NY, Nix WB, Timmerman H, Leurs R | title = A novel phenylaminotetralin radioligand reveals a subpopulation of histamine H(1) receptors | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 302 | issue = 1 | pages = 328–36 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12065734 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.302.1.328| url = }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamamura HI, Snyder SH | title = Muscarinic cholinergic binding in rat brain | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 1725–9 | year = 1974 | pmid = 4151898 | pmc = 388311 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1725| url = }}
22. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Yasuda SU, Wellstein A, Likhari P, Barbey JT, Woosley RL | title = Chlorpheniramine plasma concentration and histamine H1-receptor occupancy | journal = Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–20 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7648771 | doi = 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90199-X | url = }}
23. ^D. Papa, E. Schwenk, N. Sperber, {{US Patent|2567245}} (1951)
24. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ja01181a508 | title=Brominations with Pyridine Hydrobromide Perbromide | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | date=1948 | volume=70 | issue=1 | pages=417–418 | first=Carl | last=Djerassi}}
25. ^D. Papa, E. Schwenk, N. Sperber, {{US Patent|2676964}} (1954)
{{Antihistamines}}{{Navboxes
| title = Pharmacodynamics
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